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July 19, 2009

マイケル・ジャクソンの代名詞とも言えるムーンウォーク。 Moon Walk Michael Jackson almost synonymous

origins_of_the_moonwalk.jpg

マイケル・ジャクソンの代名詞とも言えるムーンウォーク。 Moon Walk Michael Jackson almost synonymous. このダンス・ステップは一体いつ誰が考え出したものなのか? Step dancing is what I figured out who and when?
'08年8月29日に生誕50年を迎えるキング・オブ・ポップだが、ムーンウォークの歴史はそれよりも長い。 '08 Birth on August 29, King of Pop's 50 years history of the moon walk is longer than that.

ムーンウォークについて語る際、まず最初に断らなくてはならないのは、一般的に“ムーンウォーク”と呼ばれる動きは、実はムーンウォークではない、ということである。 When talking about the moon walk, first断RANAKU is not, in general, "Moon Walk" movement is called the Moon Walk in fact, that is.

本来のムーンウォークは、約50cm四方の空間内を、揃えた両足の踵を軸に方向を変えながら、月面でフワフワ浮くようにゆっくりと回る動きを言う。 The original moon walk, in the space of about 50cm square, and change the direction of the axis of the calcaneus揃ETA feet, and slowly make a move to float around in fluffy moon. これは'92~'93年〈 DANGEROUS 〉ツアーや、'96~'97年〈 HISTORY 〉ツアーの「Billie Jean」終盤でマイケルもやっているので、見れば誰でもすぐに分かるだろう。 This year'92-'93 <DANGEROUS> and tour'96-'97 Year <HISTORY> Tour of "Billie Jean" Michael's doing so in the end, everyone will immediately know to look.
これとは別に、無重力空間を旋回するように縦横無尽に滑り回る技もムーンウォークだとされる。 Separately, the moon walk and slide freely around the skills to turning a weightless space. 円弧を描いて回ったり、無重力の宇宙船内を壁にぶつかりながら制御不能であちこち漂うような動き(速度は速い)が特徴で、これはサークル・グライド Circle Glide などとも呼ばれる。 Or drawing a circle around, just like hanging around with out of control and hit a wall in a weightless spacecraft (fast speed) characteristics, which is also known as glide Circle and Circle Glide. ポッパーのブガルー・シュリンプが映画『ブレイクダンス(Breakin')』(1984)のオープニング・クレジットや、 劇中 (シュリンプがヒロインの通うジャズダンス教室に乱入する場面)で披露しているのが最高のサンプルだ。 Shrimp BUGARU of Popper's film Breakdance (Breakin '), (1984) and credits the opening, the play (scene burst into dance classes Jazz Uno Tooru heroine the shrimp) in the samples are showing up in .
ネットで色々検索する限り、真正ムーンウォークについては人によってかなり見解が分かれている(マイケルを指導したポッパーの一人、デレク・クーリー・ジャクソンは、ゆっくり回るヴァージョンを本来のムーンウォークだと説明している)。 Net color as long as the search for authenticity, Moon Walk opinion is fairly divided by (one of Popper coached the Michael Jackson Derek Cooley, said that the version of the original moon walk around slowly ). 私も本当のところはよく分からないのだが、滑りながら回る、という点に関しては概ね衆目が一致するようだ。 The truth is I do not quite understand, while sliding around on it is to match the roughly衆目.

では、マイケルが「Billie Jean」のステージ・パフォーマンスで必ず見せる、前へ歩行しているように見せながら、後ろへ一直線に移動するあのトリッキーな動きは何なのかと言うと、これはバックスライド Backslide と呼ぶのが正しい。 , Michael "Billie Jean" performance on stage before the show, while appearing to be walking to the front, a tricky move that you move straight on to the back and say what it is, it slides back and Backslide the correct call.

この技はストリート・ダンスのポッピングの中で普通に使われていたもので、マイケル以前にも、シャラマーのジェフリー・ダニエルらが出身番組の〈Soul Train〉や〈 Top Of The Pops 〉で、あるいは、エレクトリック・ブガルーズのポッピン・ピートがトーキング・ヘッズ「 Crosseyed And Painless 」(1980)のヴィデオで既に披露していた。 This technique was commonly used in street dance POPPINGU, before Michael Daniel said of the show from Jeff Lee and SHARAMA <Soul Train> <Top Of The Pops>, or Pete the Talking HEZZU Electric BUGARUZU POPPIN of "Crosseyed And Painless" (1980) had already demonstrated in the video. これをマイケルが取り入れ、'83年5月16日放映のモータウン25周年特番〈Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever〉出演の際、「 Billie Jean 」のパフォーマンス内で披露したところから、バックスライドは全世界に爆発的に知れ渡ることになる。 Michael introduced this'83 May 16 broadcast of Motown 25 anniversary特番<Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever> the cast, "Billie Jean" from which the showed in the performance of all the back-slide to become explosive in the world. このステップはメディアによって“ムーンウォーク”と呼ばれ、後にマイケル自身が自伝本や主演映画のタイトルに使用したこともあり、バックスライド=ムーンウォークという(誤った)認識が世界中に定着したわけである。 This step by the media "Moon Walk", with the use of the title of his autobiographical book and film starring Michael later, slide back = of the Moon Walk (wrong) is not well-established worldwide recognition .
“ムーンウォーク”というネーミングは確かに抜群にキャッチーで、“いや、あれは本当はバックスライドっていうんです”とわざわざ訂正しないところがキング・オブ・ポップの偉いところだと思う。 "Moon Walk" Naming a star is certainly KYATCHI, "No, that is he really back-sliding" I think it's great that the King of Pop does not bother to correct.

さて、マイケルが知らしめて世界中を熱狂させたこの“ムーンウォーク”(=バックスライド。以下、ムーンウォークはバックスライドを指す)、実は20世紀前半から存在する恐ろしく古い技なのである。 Now, this cake was known around the world with enthusiasm, Michael "Moon Walk" (= slide back. Following the moon walk back pointing to slide), 20, is the fact that's terribly old trick of first half.



ORIGINS OF THE MOONWALK ORIGINS OF THE MOONWALK

このヴィデオは、どこかの国のタップ・ダンス好きが、“これは”と思われる古いタッパーたちの映像を「Billie Jean」のビートに乗せて適当に編集したものである。 This video is like tap dancing in the country somewhere, "this is" the image of the old Tupper that "Billie Jean" is edited to fit the beat of a ride. ムーンウォークを始め、マイケルのダンス・スタイルに直接、あるいは間接的に影響を与えたと思われる様々なダンサーの動きを見ることができる。 First moon walk, directly to the dance styles of Michael, probably or indirectly influenced the people can see the movement of the dancers.

登場する映像は'29年から'55年までの長編/短編映画、サウンディ('40年代の音楽ヴィデオ)などから選ばれている('65年と'67年のサミー・デイヴィス・Jrを除く)。 The new video from'29 to'55, feature film / short film, SAUNDI ('40 music video's) are selected from the ('67,'65 and Sammy Davis Jr, remove) . ここでは“マイケルっぽい”ことが選択基準になっているので、アクロバットを得意としたニコラス兄弟、ベリー兄弟、フォー・ステップ兄弟といった重要な黒人タップ・アクトは含まれていない。 Here, "Michael-like" so is that the selection criteria, good brothers, Nicholas and acrobatics, Berry Brothers, act like brothers tap an important step for blacks is not included. あまりマイケルっぽくない映像も繋ぎとして使われているが、あまり細かいことは気にせず、何となくマイケルのルーツを感じてもらえたらと思う。 Have been used as much繋GI Michael PPOKUNAI video, so do not worry about the details, I feel the roots of Michael MORAETARA gut.

以下、登場するダンサー/映像についてざっと説明していきたい。 Below, the dancers come / I would like to explain about the video scan.


astaire_top_hat.jpg astaire_roberta.jpg astaire_holiday_inn.jpg
Fred Astaire Fred Astaire
TOP HAT (1935), ROBERTA (1935), HOLIDAY INN (1942) TOP HAT (1935), ROBERTA (1935), HOLIDAY INN (1942)

ショウ・ビジネスにおいてマイケルが20世紀後半を代表するダンサーだとすれば、前半を代表するのはフレッド・アステア(1899~1987)である。 Michael is in show business and 20 dancers will represent the second half, leading the first half of Fred Astaire (1899-1987). そのダンス美学、プロフェッショナリズム、エンターテインメント精神は、マイケルの中に確実に引き継がれている。 Dance aesthetics, professionalism, spirit of entertainment has certainly succeeded in Michael.
ジェイムズ・ブラウンと並んで、マイケルに最も影響を与えたダンサーに挙げられるが、たとえばJB風にステップを踏んだりするように、マイケルはあからさまにアステアに似通った動きをするわけではない。 Along with James Brown, is among the most influential dancer in Michael, for example, or JB as steps in the wind, Michael is not a movement, not overtly similar to Astaire. 時代や基本的なダンス・スタイルがかけ離れているせいもあるが、それでもマイケルの中にアステア的な瞬間を発見することは決して少なくない。 Some blame is far from the basic age and dance style, to find a moment in Michael Astaire but never there.

『トップ・ハット(Top Hat)』の「Top Hat, White Tie And Tails」(画像左)はアステアの代表ナンバーのひとつで、トレードマークでもある曲名通りの格好をしたアステアのソロ・ダンスが見られる。 The Top Hat (Top Hat), the "Top Hat, White Tie And Tails" (left image) is one of the number of Astaire, Astaire solo dance can be seen as a good song is also a trademark . 中盤では舞台が暗転し、アステアのシルエットが浮かび上がる(この場面はアドリブで踊られたという)。 Degenerate in the middle of the stage, the silhouettes come Astaire (This scene was manipulated by ad-lib). この演出は、ライヴ版「Billie Jean」のイントロや終盤のダンス・パートの見せ方に通じるものがある。 This stage is a live version of "Billie Jean" have something to show the dance part of the intro and end. アステアもマイケルも、シルエットだけで誰もがそれと即座に判別できる稀有なダンサーだ。 Michael also Astaire's dancing and quickly identify unusual that everyone in silhouette. その個性は、両者の服装のスタイリング──トップ・ハット、燕尾服、ステッキ(アステア)、スパイ帽、黒ジャケット、丈の短い黒パンツに白靴下、片手にはめた白手袋(マイケル)──によって一層際立ったものになっている。 The personality, style of dress of the two ─ ─ top hat, cutaway coat, and cane (Astaire), spy hat, black jacket, black pants, white socks, short-length, white gloves in one hand HAMETA (Michael) ─ ─ further by What is distinctive. シンプルなモノトーン、平凡と言えば平凡な服装をトレードマークにできるのも、両者の強烈なダンス・スタイルあってこそのことだ。 Monotone simple as possible to trademark a commonplace to say that an ordinary dress, a style that is both powerful dance.
ちなみに、アステアのドッペルゲンガーが多数登場するこのミュージカル場面は、『ブルー・スカイ』(1946)内、「Top Hat, White Tie And Tails」と並ぶ彼の代表ナンバー「 Puttin' On The Ritz 」で焼き直されている。 Incidentally, this scene appears many musical doppelganger Astaire, The Blue Sky (1946) in, "Top Hat, White Tie And Tails" number, along with representatives of his "Puttin 'On The Ritz" was re-baked in the that.

『ロバータ(Roberta)』の「I Won't Dance」(画像中央)はアステアのソロ・ダンス場面の中でも屈指の見物で、何の演出もなしにひたすらタップを踏むアステアの姿をじっくり堪能することができる。 The Roberta (Roberta), the "I Won't Dance" (center image) is one of the best sights in Astaire's solo dance scene, appeared to thoroughly enjoy the endless Astaire tap step on stage without any available. その動きの淀みのなさ、軽やかさ、そして切れ味。 Is that the stagnation of the movement, light, and sharpness. アステアの踊りはまるで一筆書きのようだ。 Astaire's dancing is almost like writing a note. すらすらとサインでもするように、独自のタイム感で造作なく、流れるようにササッと動く。 But to sign fluently, without any trouble in their own sense of time, and work to flow swish swish. 人がサインをする時の手もとの動き、紙の上に現れる筆跡、筆致の様子を思い浮かべて欲しい。手MOTO movement of people to sign, the handwriting appears on the paper, I want to visualize the appearance of brushwork. 自分のサインなら誰にでも書けるが、踊りでこれができるというのはやはり凄い。 If you write to anyone but their signs, to be able to dance this is still amazing.
アステアより速くタップを踏める、あるいは速く動けるダンサーはいくらでもいるが、これほど一連の動作をシャープに、しかも美しく行えるダンサーというと、私にはやはりマイケルくらいしか思い浮かばない。踏MERU Astaire tap faster, the dancers move fast enough or have the sharpness of this operation, we can dancers and beautiful, but I can not think about Michael, too. 説明不能なそのポージングの美しさにも注目したい。 To pay attention to the beauty of its impotent POJINGU.

『スイング・ホテル(Holiday Inn)』の「Let's Say It With Firecrackers」(画像右)は、爆竹を次々と地面に投げつけて破裂させながら踊る楽しいナンバー。 Swing the hotel (Holiday Inn), the "Let's Say It With Firecrackers" (picture right), following a number of fun dancing and firecrackers will burst and throw on the ground. ダンス場面の中にこうした仕掛けを取り入れるのもアステアは実に上手かった。 Astaire also incorporate these tricks into the dance scene really上手KATTA. マイケルのステージで、手を振り下ろすとその方向で爆発が起きるといった演出は、この爆竹ダンスの発展型と言えないこともない。 Michael's stage, directed and caused the explosion wave direction and lower, never-say the development of dance and firecrackers.
ヴィデオ内に登場するのは爆竹を鳴らす場面ではなく、その合間、爆竹を詰め込んだポケットに手を入れて踊っている部分。 To appear in the video footage is not a squib, during the dancing portion of the hand into the pocket stuffed firecrackers. 猫背気味に肩をすくめ、片足立ちで煙草をもみ消すようにクイックイッと身を捩る動きの奇妙さが、微妙にマイケルっぽいと言うか、ボブ・フォッシーっぽいと言うか、あるいは、ポッピングっぽいと言うか(これはちょっと無理があるか……)。 Shrugged his shoulders stooped to touch, but the movement is strange捩RU KUIKKUIッthemselves to stamp out a cigarette and standing on one foot, or like Michael and subtle, and Bob Fosse-like, or like POPPINGU I say (this is impossible if there is a little ...).
ライザ・ミネリ「 Don't Drop Bombs 」(1989)のヴィデオ内には、アステアのこの爆竹ダンスに対するオマージュのような場面が(ほんの数秒ではあるが)登場する。 Liza Minnelli "Do not Drop Bombs" (1989) in the video is a scene like this in homage to Astaire Dance firecrackers (but in seconds) to appear. アステア、フォッシー、マイケルをすべてミックスしたようなナイスな演出なので、是非チェックして欲しい。 Astaire, Fosse, so to produce a nice mix of all Michael, I want us to check.

映像メディアにおけるダンス場面の見せ方を様々に模索したアステアからの影響は、マイケルのヴィデオ(ショート・フィルム)作品の演出において最も顕著である。 If you like the dance scene in the media showed images of people who seek to influence from Astaire, Michael video (short film) is produced in most of the work. 中でも決定的なのは、「Smooth Criminal」の元ネタとなった『バンド・ワゴン(The Band Wagon)』(1953/MGM)内のプロダクション・ナンバー「 The Girl Hunt Ballet 」。 The most crucial, "Smooth Criminal" The Band Wagon's original story (The Band Wagon), (1953/MGM) production number in "The Girl Hunt Ballet". 映画『 ブレイクダンス2(Breakin' 2) 』(1984/MGM)を始め、ライオネル・リッチー「 Dancing On The Ceiling 」(1986)、シュガー・レイ「 Fly 」(1997)、ファットボーイ・スリム「 Slash Dot Dash 」(2004)などの音楽ヴィデオでもコピーされた『恋愛準決勝戦(Royal Wedding)』(1951)の有名な“ 天井ダンス ”も、長編ヴィデオ『Ghosts』の中でしっかり取り上げられている。 Movie Breakdance 2 (Breakin '2), (1984/MGM) started, Lionel Richie "Dancing On The Ceiling" (1986), Sugar Ray "Fly" (1997), FATTOBOI Slim "Slash Dot Dash" (2004) was copied in the music video and the Royal Wedding (Royal Wedding) (1951) famous "Dance ceiling", the video feature film, The Ghosts have been firmly in the.
こうしたアステア映画からの引用を、マイケルは'76~'77年CBS放映のジャクソンズのバラエティ番組から見せるようになった。 Quotes of the Astaire film, this is'76 to'77, Michael began to show from the CBS variety program aired for JAKUSONZU. 上記『バンド・ワゴン』の「The Girl Hunt Ballet」を引用し、「Smooth Criminal」のプロトタイプのようなパフォーマンスを繰り広げる「 Get Happy 」、ラトーヤとコンビを組んでアステア&ロジャースにオマージュを捧げた「They Can't Take That Away From Me」~「Broadway Rhythm」~「Puttin' On The Ritz」のメドレー (『イースター・パレード』内「 Steppin' Out With My Baby 」のスローモーション合成までコピーするというマニアックさが嬉しい。実際、同番組では「 Steppin' Out With My Baby 」も取り上げられている)は、マイケルのタップとあわせて必見である。 Above the band-wagon of "The Girl Hunt Ballet" quoting, "Smooth Criminal" as engaged in the performance of the prototype of "Get Happy", Astaire in conjunction with the duo gave an homage to Rogers & RATOYA "They Can't Take That Away From Me "~" Broadway Rhythm "~" Puttin 'On The Ritz "medley (in the Easter Parade," Steppin' Out With My Baby "is a maniac of synthetic copies of the slow motion I am happy. In fact, the show "Steppin 'Out With My Baby" is also mentioned) is a must along with Michael taps.

尚、具体的なダンス・スタイルの類似に話を絞れば、マイケルのアステア流儀は、明らかに後続のボブ・フォッシー(アステア信奉者)を介して引き継がれている。 However, if絞RE a similar story in a specific dance style, the style of Michael Astaire, Bob Fosse of the subsequent (adherents Astaire) is passed through. ダンサーとしてのマイケルのキャリアに革命をもたらした「Billie Jean」のパフォーマンスも、タネを明かせば、マイケルなりのフォッシー解釈の所産と言えないこともない。 Michael has brought a revolution to the career as a dancer of "Billie Jean" performance, the secret, and they do not and can not interpret the outcome of the Michael Fosse. スタイリッシュでありながら、奇妙に歪んだ印象を与える動きやポージング、また、黒装束に帽子、白手袋といった衣裳は、フォッシーのスタイルに特有のものだ。 It is stylish, gives the impression of movement and distorted POJINGU strange, black costume hat, white gloves and costume is unique to the style of Fosse. フォッシー自らが出演してダンスを披露した『星の王子さま(The Little Prince)』(1974)の「 A Snake In The Grass 」を見れば、'80年代以降のマイケルのダンスがいかにフォッシー美学に多くを負っているかが分かるだろう(「A Snake In The Grass」にはムーンウォーク風の動きまで登場する)。 Dance and a cast of Fosse's own Le Petit Prince (The Little Prince) (1974), "A Snake In The Grass" to see the'80 how many Fosse dance aesthetics since Michael you will realize that you are suffering from ( "A Snake In The Grass" is the movement of the wind appears to Moon Walk). 基本的に“JBの子供”的な枠に収まっていたマイケルのダンスは、アステアやフォッシーを参考にすることで、表現の幅を一気に広げることになった。 Basically, "JB's Kids" Michael's dance fits into the framework is to help the Fosse and Astaire had to dramatically expand the range of expression.


bailey_cabin.jpg bailey_apollo.jpg
Bill Bailey Bill Bailey
CABIN IN THE SKY (1943), SHOWTIME AT THE APOLLO (1955) CABIN IN THE SKY (1943), SHOWTIME AT THE APOLLO (1955)

ビル・ベイリー(1912~1978)は“元祖ムーンウォーク男”である。 Bill Bailey (1912-1978), "Moon Walk Wonjo man." マイケルがムーンウォークを披露する40年も前に、彼はそのステップをフィルムの中に焼き付けていた。 Michael Moon Walk to show off 40 years ago, he was baking a step in the film.

ヴィ ンセント・ミネリ監督、MGM製作による'43年公開のオール黒人キャスト・ミュージカル映画『キャビン・イン・ザ・スカイ(Cabin In The Sky)』内、エセル・ウォーターズが歌う「Taking A Chance On Love」場面(画像左)が、私の知る限り映像史上最古のムーンウォークだ。 Director Vincent Minnelli, MGM produced by all-black cast musical'43 years of publication in the Sky cabin (Cabin In The Sky), which, Ethel Waters sings "Taking A Chance On Love" scene ( left image), is the oldest-ever moon walk video to my knowledge. その場面は、ムーンウォークをしながら後進していくベイリーの様子を、バストアップから全身ショットへ流れる正面のアングルで捉えている。 The scene, Bailey was like to walk backward while the moon, which captured the shot angle of the front through the body from bust-up. 肝心の足下がきちんと映されていないのが残念だが、それも、このステップが後に爆発的な人気を博すことなど想像もできなかった時代ゆえだろう。 It is regretful that feet are not properly映SA itself, it will therefore take time and could not even imagine the later popularity of this step.

様々な黒人アクトのステージ・パフォーマンスをフィーチャーした'55年のテレビ・シリーズ『Showtime At The Apollo』(画像右)の中で、ベイリーのムーンウォークは遂に完璧なアングルで記録された。 Various stage performances featuring a black act, the'55 TV series, Showtime At The Apollo (right image) in the Moon Walk in Bailey was finally captured in a perfect angle. そこで彼は、自分のタップ・ルーティンの締めくくりに、ムーンウォークで後進しながら舞台袖に退場するというアクションを見せている。 So he decided to tap the end of their routine, they are actions that the sleeve exit the stage and walk backward on the moon. マイケルと同じく、ステージ向かって右から左へ移動する様子が横アングルの全身ショットで捉えられていて、誰が見てもはっきりとムーンウォークと認識できる。 Like Michael, has been captured in the side angle shot of the whole body as they move from right to left toward the stage, Moon Walk and clearly recognizable to any eye. 右手を胴に当て、左手を水平に伸ばしながらスイスイと軽妙に下がっていくのがベイリーのスタイル。 Guess the right body style to go back to the Bailey light with no trouble at all while growing horizontally on the left side.
この場面はグレゴリー・ハインズ主演の映画『タップ』(1989)のエンドロール場面でも使われていた。 This scene in the movie Tap, starring Gregory Hines (1989) was used at the end roll scene. まさに歴史的瞬間である。 Is a very historic moment.

ビル・ベイリーはビル・ロビンソンの弟子だった人で、師匠のタップをよりパワフルに高速化してアップデイトしたようなダンスを特長とした。 Bill Bailey who was a disciple of Bill Robinson, and features a dance as to update the speed and power of the teacher from the tap. 芸風やキャラのみならず、風貌や名前まで師匠そっくりだが、ロビンソン自身はムーンウォークをやっていない。芸風and characters as well as, to master just like his look and name, Robinson is not doing his moon walk.
では、ベイリーがムーンウォークを考案したのかというと、そういうことでもない。 So, what we came up with Bailey, Moon Walk, and it's not the case. ポッピングと多くの共通点を持つパントマイムの世界でも、似たような動きは恐らく同じくらい古くから存在していた。 Pantomime in the world have much in common with POPPINGU, similar movements have existed probably as old as. 例えば、ジャン・ルイ・バローは『 天井桟敷の人々(Les Enfants du Paradis) 』(1945)で見事なエアウォーク(その場歩き)を披露している。 For example, Jean-Louis Barrow, and the gallery (Les Enfants du Paradis) (1945) Walk in the beautiful air (walking there) are showing. そうした別ジャンルからの影響も受けつつ、ムーンウォークはストリートで徐々に形作られ、それをベイリーが自身のスタイルに組み込んだ、と考えるのが正しいのではないか。 While under the influence of these different genres, a walk in the street and the moon is gradually formed, incorporating his own style that Bailey seems to think is right.
ベイリーの映像にはもうひとつ、'36年の短編映画『Going Native』がある。 Bailey is one of the video, a short film of the year'36, there's Going Native. 私は未見だが、もしそこで彼がムーンウォークをやっているとすれば、恐らくそれが最古のムーンウォーク映像ということになるだろう。 But has never seen me, if I was doing the moon walk in there if he could have a video that it is probably the oldest moon walk.


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Buck and Bubbles Buck and Bubbles
CABIN IN THE SKY (1943), ATLANTIC CITY (1944) CABIN IN THE SKY (1943), ATLANTIC CITY (1944)

バック&バブルズはピアノとタップの2人組。 Back & BABURUZU the tap and piano duo. ずんぐりしたバック(1903~1955)がピアノ、長身のジョン・バブルズ(1902~1986)がダンスを担当する。 Back pudgy (1903-1955) piano, tall BABURUZU John (1902-1986) in charge of the dance. バブルズは“リズム・タップの祖”とも言われるダンサーで、踵と爪先を使って複雑なシンコペーションを作る、誰もが知るところの今日のタップ・ダンスの基本スタイルを確立した偉人。 BABURUZU "rhythm tap ancestors" also known as a dancer, making complex syncopation and爪先using the heel, the great men who established the basic styles of tap dancing today, I know it. モダン・ジャズにおけるチャーリー・パーカーのような存在、と言えば話が早いだろうか。 Like Charlie Parker in jazz, modern, quick to talk about what you say. 彼のタップはアステアにも大きな影響を与えた。 He taps the enormous importance to Astaire.

ビ ル・ベイリーがムーンウォークを見せる上記『キャビン・イン・ザ・スカイ』にはバック&バブルズも出演していて、酒場を舞台に繰り広げられるナンバー 「Shine」で、デューク・エリントン楽団と共にパフォーマンスを披露している(画像左・中央。白スーツの男はエリントン)。 Walk the Moon show Bill Bailey's Cabin in the Sky, is back and there appeared BABURUZU number set in a bar behind "Shine", and performed with Duke Ellington Orchestra The (middle left image. Ellignton white man's suit). ここでバブルズはタップを踏んではいないが、代わりにトリッキーで変わった動きをたくさん見せてくれる。 Here BABURUZU has not stepped on tap, who shows a lot of change in motion instead tricky. その場で歩いているように見せるエアウォークの変形版のようなステップや、振り子のように動かした片足の勢いで小刻みにスライドする技も面白いが、最もマイケル度が高い(フォッシー度が高い、とも言える)のは、山高帽を目深に被って俯いてみせる決めのポージングだろう。 Step and the Walk like a deformed version of the air show to be walking in place, but also an interesting technique of sliding short steps one foot at a fast move like a pendulum, Michael most high (high degree of Fosse, One can argue that), decided the show would POJINGU俯I目深a bowler hat on the cover. ヒョ コヒョコと後ろ向きにスライドし(バックスライドではなく、すり足のような動き)、脚を交差させてターンする場面、また、階段を上って同様のターンをする 退場場面の計2箇所でこのポーズが取られている(脚を交差させるターンは'20~'40年代に多くの黒人芸人がやっている。現在ではあまり見られなくなっ たが、私はこれが大好きだ)。 To slide backwards and HYOKOHYOKO (and not slide back, just like the shuffle), the scenes will turn your legs crossed, and sent off a total of scenes similar to the Turn up the stairs two at this point pose are taken (cross your legs turn to the'20 to'40 I was doing a lot of artist's black. Today was a very rare, I do like it). 街一番のクールガイといったこのナンバーでのバブルズのイメージも、マイケルのヴィデオで繰り返されるものだ。 BABURUZU in the image of the No. 1 and No. KURUGAI the city, which is repeated in the video for Michael. 時代的に黒人ステレオタイプの剽軽キャラに収まってはいるが、とにかくここでのバブルズのカッコ良さは圧倒的である。 It fits the stereotype of black characters in剽軽era, but the good BABURUZU in brackets here is just overwhelming. この「Shine」は、間違いなくマイケルお気に入りのミュージカル場面のひとつであるはず(勝手に確信)。 The "Shine" is one of the scenes that should definitely Michael's favorite musicals (conviction itself). もしかして、マイケルの相棒だったあのチンパンジーの名前は、ジョン・バブルズに因んでいるのではないか? Did you mean the name of the chimpanzee that was Michael's partner, is whether the BABURUZU因N to John?

片 足を振り子のように(あるいは、ボールを蹴るように)動かし、その勢いでスライドする技は、『Atlantic City』の「Rhythm For Sale」場面(画像右)で相棒のバックによっても披露されている(タップを踏むバブルズが途中で一時的にピアノに交替)。 Like a pendulum a foot (or, like kicking a ball) moves, the skill to slide under the influence of the Atlantic City's "Rhythm For Sale" scene (right image) is performed by a buddy in the back (temporarily replaced the piano in the middle of the tread strip BABURUZU). バックが踊る映像はこれしか見たことがないが、彼はタップやこうした変なダンスも上手かったようだ。 The dance video is back but I have never seen it, he's such a strange上手KATTA and tap dancing. 尚、バックの凄まじいピアノ演奏は、ハワード・ホークス監督『ヒット・パレード(A Song Is Born)』(1947)でたっぷり楽しむことができる。 The piano is a tremendous back, hits parade, director Howard Hawks (A Song Is Born) (1947) can enjoy plenty.


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Cab Calloway Cab Calloway
THE BIG BROADCAST (1932) THE BIG BROADCAST (1932)

“ハイディ・ハイディ・ハイディ・ホ~”の掛け声でお馴染みのキャブ・キャロウェイ(1907~1994)。 "Heidi Heidi Heidi Ho" in the familiar words and no action Cab Calloway (1907-1994). '30~'40年代を代表するバンド・リーダー、大エンターテイナーである。 '30-'40 To represent the band's leader, a great entertainer. 大 不況に見舞われた'30年代、コール・ポーター作「Swingin' The Jinx Away(ジンクスを吹き飛ばせ)」(1936)の中で、“不況を吹き飛ばす方策が必要なとき、唯一の頼みはキャブ・キャロウェイ大先生”と歌い込まれた ほど、国民的な人気を集める大スターだった。 Age suffered a depression of'30, Cole Porter's "Swingin 'The Jinx Away (吹KI飛BA a jinx them)" (1936) in, "When you need a way to blow off recession, the only recourse Cabs Calloway great teacher "and it was pounded into singing was a popular star of the people.

ビング・クロスビー主演の映画『ラヂオは笑ふ(The Big Broadcast)』は、キャロウェイの出演作の中でも最初期に当たるもので、そこで彼は「Hot Toddy」「Kickin' The Gong Around」の2曲のパフォーマンスを披露している。 Bing Crosby's movie is bad! RADZIO (The Big Broadcast), is not the first hit in the films of Calloway, he is "Hot Toddy" "Kickin 'The Gong Around" in the performance of two songs are showing. インストの高速スウィング「Hot Toddy」の演奏場面も熱すぎて笑えるが、見物はやはり「Kickin' The Gong Around」(画像左右)。 Fast swing instrumental "Hot Toddy" The heat was too funny scene in the play, still seeing "Kickin 'The Gong Around" (left and right images). ムーンウォークこそやらないが、クネクネと身体を捩らせ、床をこねくり回すようにグライドする動きはほとんどポッピングの世界である。 Moon Walk is not going to make KUNEKUNE捩RA the body and moves to glide to the floor turn KONEKURI POPPINGU most of the world. 脚を振り上げてジャンプし、トレードマークの白い燕尾服の尾を振り回す得意のスピンも実に決まっている。 Jump to振RI上GE the legs are not really good at wielding a tail spin in his trademark white dress suit.

初期のキャブ・キャロウェイを見ていると、マイケルよりもむしろプリンスを思い出す。 Cab Calloway and look at the early rather than remember the Prince Michael. 陽気な雰囲気の中から漂ってくる何とも言えないいかがわしさ(これ最高)、アクの強いコミカルな表情などそっくりだ。 Disreputability do not even get suspended from the atmosphere of gaiety (the best), just like the comic and the strong expression of actin. プリンスには過去の様々な黒人音楽家の面影を見出すことができるが、最も古いサンプルがキャブ・キャロウェイではないだろうか。 The Prince is in the past may find the remnants of a black musician, Cab Calloway might be the oldest sample. ちなみに、“キャブっぽい”という点では、トム・ウェイツのステージ・アクションがモロにそれである。 Incidentally, the "cab-like" in that is that the action stage MORONI Tom Waits.


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The Clark Brothers The Clark Brothers
KILLER DILLER (1948) KILLER DILLER (1948)

クラーク兄弟は、スティーヴとジミーの2人による兄弟タップ・コンビ。 Clark's brother, Jimmy, Steve and two brothers who tap duo. 2人揃った息の合ったタップから、アクロバットまで幅広くこなす。 2 to fit the breath揃TTA tap, acrobatics run wide.

黒人映画『Killer Diller』は彼らの最も古い代表的な映像で、映画のハイライトとなるレヴュー場面で2曲にわたってパフォーマンスを披露している(画像)。 Black film Killer Diller, is the oldest footage of their representative, the scene will be the highlight of the movie reviewers are performed over a song (image). 硬直状態のまま小刻みのステップで移動し、地面が動いているように見せるマイム的なステップがなかなか面白い。 Go in the split step remains rigid, and quite a step to show mime the ground running.

別にどこが悪いというわけでもないのだが、決定的な特長もなく、同時代の他の有名兄弟ダンス・アクトに較べるとスケールや格が落ちるのは否めない。 It's not that bad apart from anywhere, without a decisive feature of the fall in rank and scale較BERU the Act and other popular dances of the brothers have to admit the same period. いかにも当時の平均的な黒人タップ・チームという感じのクラーク兄弟である。 Clark is the brother of the team felt that the average tap was indeed black.


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Sammy Davis Jr. Sammy Davis Jr.
HULLABALOO! (1965), SAMMY DAVIS JR. SHOW (1967) HULLABALOO! (1965), SAMMY DAVIS JR. SHOW (1967)

マイケル以前に似たような成功を収めていた黒人芸人がサミー・デイヴィス・Jr(1925~1990)だった。 The black entertainer Sammy Davis had a similar success in the past, Michael Jr (1925 ~ 1990). ダンス、歌、演技、物真似(お笑い)、司会と幅広い才能を発揮。 Dancing, singing, acting,物真似(comedy), and host a wide range of talent. アメリカのショウビズ界に確固とした地位を築き、続く黒人エンターテイナーたちに大きく道を切り開いた。 To build our strong position in the world SHOUBIZU the U.S., opened a big black entertainers who followed. マイケルにとって最も重要な手本となった黒人スターのひとりである。 Black Star was one of the most important role model for Michael.

'65年4月20日放映の米音楽番組〈HULLABALOO!〉での「Hello Dolly」(画像左)は、ロックンロール調のアレンジに乗せて、デイヴィスが白人ティーンエイジャーたちと共に歌い踊る。 '65 April 20, music program aired on Sunday <HULLABALOO!> "Hello Dolly" (left image), to arrange a ride-style rock and roll, singing and dancing with their white teenagers Davis. 最後の決めのポーズ(脚を開き、左手を胴に当て、右手を開いて高々と垂直に伸ばす)が完璧にマイケル状態。 Pose of the last set (open the legs, the body count on the left hand and right-open and extend vertically) Michael in perfect condition. ウエスト・サイド物語 』の典型的なポージングで、別にデイヴィスから拝借したわけでもないと思うが、この類似にはハッとさせられる。 Side Story The West, in a typical POJINGU, I have not borrowed from Davis, apart from this analogy is to be a start.

'67年、アムステルダムでのコンサート映像『Sammy Davis Jr. Show』も凄い。 '67, Amsterdam's concert footage Sammy Davis Jr. Show's amazing. タップが披露される「Me And My Shadow」(画像中央・右)で、デイヴィスはカンカン帽を被って踊るのだが、この帽子の使い方、被り具合がまさに「Billie Jean」。 Showed that the tap "Me And My Shadow" (center-right image), but Davis suffered a cap cancan dance, use of hats, so that's covering "Billie Jean". エアウォーク風のステップなども面白いが、とにかく全体的な身体の動き、ちょっとしたポージングのセンス、あるいはステージ上での存在感そのものが実にマイケルくさい。 Have fun and wind airwalk step, the overall movement of the body just a little taste of POJINGU, Michael really stinky on the presence or stage. ジャクソン5時代からデイヴィスと間近に接しているマイケルなので、やはり自然と彼の立ち振る舞いがインプットされているのだろう。 Michael Jackson 5 are so close in proximity to the Davis era, they are input and the nature of his act up again.

「Me And My Shadow」で被るカンカン帽を、デイヴィスは“モーリス・シュヴァリエから貰った”と言って自慢しているが(カンカン帽はシュヴァリエのトレードマーク)、彼はマイケルからもステージ衣裳をプレゼントされている。 "Me And My Shadow" suffer in the fuse cap, Davis "貰TTA from Maurice Chevalier," We are proud to say that (the trademark of the fuse cap Chevalier), his costume was a gift from Michael Stage that. 〈Motown 25〉で使われた「Billie Jean」の黒ジャケットである。 <Motown 25> used in the "Billie Jean" is a black jacket.

「僕 は、モータウン25で着た光り輝く黒のジャケットをサミー・デイビス・ジュニアにプレゼントしました。彼がステージで僕の物まねをするというので、僕は 『ほら、それをやる時にこれ、着たいでしょ?』と言ったのです。彼は大喜びでした。僕はサミーが大好きです。彼は実に素敵な男で、本物のショーマンです。 最高のショーマンのひとりなのです」(マイケル・ジャクソン自伝『ムーンウォーク』) "I, 25 were present in Motown, Sammy Davis Jr., dressed in a glittery black jacket. And because I do impressions of him on stage, I, you know, do it this time, you着TAI ?, it said. He was delighted. I love Sammy. He is a really nice guy, a real showman. it's one of the best showman "(Michael Jackson's autobiography The Moon Walk,)

後年、デイヴィスはマイケルの「 Bad 」をステージ・レパートリーに入れていた。 Later years, Michael Davis is the "Bad" was a stage in the repertoire. また、マイケルは'89年11月に収録されたデイヴィスの芸能生活60周年を記念するテレビ特番に出演し、彼の功績を讃える「 You Were There 」(“あなたがいたからこそ、いまの僕がある”)というオリジナル曲を捧げている。 The'89 Michael Davis, 11 performing arts of life were recorded in 60 appearances in the TV spectacular anniversary, to celebrate the achievements of his "You Were There" ( "It was you, I have now ") is dedicated to original music.


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Daniel L. Haynes Daniel L. Haynes
HALLELUJAH (1929) HALLELUJAH (1929)

ダニエル・L・ヘインズ(1889~1954)はダンサーではなく役者なのだが、彼をムーンウォークの歴史に加えないわけにはいかない。 Daniel L Haynes (1889-1954) is an actor not a dancer, I can not put him in the history of the Moon Walk too.

今回紹介している映像群の中で最も古いのが、ヘインズとニーナ・メイ・マッキニーが主演した'29年のオール黒人キャスト映画『ハレルヤ(Hallelujah)』( 以前このブログで紹介 )。 The oldest group in this video are introduced, Haynes and Nina Mae McKinney stars in the'29 all-black cast films of the year, Hallelujah (Hallelujah) (introduced earlier in this blog). 注目は、牧師役のヘインズが屋外集会で説教をする場面(画像左右)。 Note the scene outside the congregation to a sermon as pastor of Haynes (left and right images). 走行する汽車の様子をパントマイムで表現する彼の足の動きが、何と呼んでいいステップなのか分からないが、とにかく猛烈にヤバい(上半身の動きもポッピング的)。 The movement of his feet to express in pantomime the scene of a train running, I could call it a good step, not just in spurts YABA (POPPINGU and the movement of upper body). この映画を初めて観た時、私はこの場面ですっかりぶっ飛んでしまった。 First watched this film when I was flying up in the air of this scene. これは是非DVDを購入してじっくり確認して欲しいと思う。 We want this DVD to check carefully the purchase. 彼が私の知る最古のムーンウォーカーである。 Moonwalker is the oldest I know of him.


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Rubberneck Holmes Rubberneck Holmes
DUKE IS TOPS (1938) DUKE IS TOPS (1938)

ラバーネック・ホームズ。 Holmes rubber neck. こいつはカッコいい。 This is cool. “ラバーネック(ゴム首)”という呼び名は、彼が得意とした、頭部、首、肩で素早くウェービングしながら振り返るような独特のアクションに由来している。 "Rubber-neck (neck rubber)" name it, and good at his head, neck, and is derived from the unique action to turn around quickly on the shoulder while UEBINGU. 名前からしてキワモノっぽくもあるが、基本的にはタップ・ダンサーで、非常にダイナミックでスピーディーなタップを踏む。 Abnormal quite have the name and, in principle at the tap dancer, tap step on a very dynamic and fast.

リナ・ホーンのデビュー映画でもある『Duke Is Tops』(画像左右)は、短い出演時間ながらも彼独特のダンス・スタイルが炸裂していて強烈だ。 Is also the film debut of Lena Horne, Duke Is Tops (left-right image) is strong and the impact of his unique dancing style with a short cast time. 身体全体の使い方からして、普通のタップ・ダンサーとはまるで異なる。 And the use of the whole body, and it is different from ordinary tap dancer. 舞台の上で暴れ回っているような印象も与えるのだが、それでいてきちんとビートは外さない。 It also gives the impression that they are on the rampage in the stage and beat up yet removed. 前転飛びをし、両手足を大きく振りながら乱暴にバックスライドするようなアクション(画像右)を見せたり、逆立ちをしながら両手で床を叩いてリズムを取ったりと、やることがいちいち規格外。 And a jump forward, slide back into action to increase the wildly waving both hands and feet (right image) or showing, or get a rhythm and hit the floor with both hands and the hands, every non-standard things to do . タップをブレイクダンスのダイナミズムで踏み、そこにポッピングを加味したような感じ、と言えば伝わるだろうか。 The dynamics of breaking the tap treadmill and feel like it was reflecting POPPINGU? To be transmitted. こんなタップ・ダンサーは他に見たことがない。 Tap dancers have not seen this elsewhere.

私のお気に入りのダンサーだが、本名も生没年も経歴もよく分からない。 But my favorite dancer, not birth and death as well as real experience. もう1本、オスカー・ミショー監督『The Notorious Elinor Lee』(1940)で踊っているらしいのだが、入手困難で残念ながら未見。 The other book, Oscar Michaux, Director The Notorious Elinor Lee (1940) but seems to dance, but unfortunately has not read in hard to find.


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Patterson and Jackson Patterson and Jackson
KILLER DILLER (1948) KILLER DILLER (1948)

“踊る2トン(The Two Tons of Rhythm)”がキャッチ・フレーズだったらしい、おデブな2人によるタップ・コンビ、パターソン&ジャクソン。 "Dancing t 2 (The Two Tons of Rhythm)" DATTARASHII catch phrase that you 2 duo tap a fat person, Patterson & Jackson. 運動量の多いタップをやっていながら、なぜ太っていられたのか不思議である。 They do a lot of momentum tap, I wonder about the fat?

先述のクラーク兄弟が出ていた映画『Killer Diller』に彼らも出演している。 Clark Brothers movie had some of the above, Killer Diller, which they appeared. 身体に似合わず器用なコンビで、タップの他にコミカルな歌や物真似も披露する(この映画ではインク・スポッツの物真似をやっている)。 The combination unfittingly physical dexterity to perform songs and comical and other物真似tap (the movie is doing SUPOTTSU物真似of ink). どの芸も実に見事で、体格で人を判断してはいけない、という気にさせられる。 The really amazing how the art, and should not judge people by the constitution, be concerned about that.
最も驚かされるのがタップのコーナー(画像左右)。 Corner tap is the most amazing (left and right images). 向かって右のジャクソンが歌う「Ain't Misbehavin'」に乗せて、左のパターソンが軽快にステップを踏む。 Jackson's right hand to sing "Ain't Misbehavin '" for a ride, Patterson to step lightly on the left. 素早い足さばきと巨大な上半身のギャップがいい感じ。 I feel a huge gap in the upper body and legs quick sale. ここでムーンウォーク史的に注目されるのは、パターソンがタップを踏みながらステップバックする場面(画像右)。 Is noteworthy in the history of the Moon Walk in the scene to back the tap step while the treadmill Patterson (right image). ビートを刻んでいるので、単純に動きだけ見ると単なる後ずさりのようにも見えるが、興味深いアクションである。 Since chopping beat, and looks just like a step back and just simply move is an interesting action.

パターソンはファースト・ネームをウォレンという。 Warren Patterson is the first name. ジャクソンに関しては不明。 Jackson is not sure about. 生没年や経歴詳細についても情報がない。 No background information and details about the birth and death.素晴らしいコンビだが、彼らに限らず、この頃の黒人芸人は本当にろくな記録が残されていない。むしろ映像が残っただけ彼らはラッキーな方だと言える。


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Eleanor Powell
BROADWAY MELODY OF 1938 (1937)

ヴィ デオの中に登場する全14組のダンサーの中で、紅一点がこのエレノア・パウエル(1912~1982)。同時代の男女含めたダンサーの中でも、とにかく彼 女は圧倒的に踊りが上手かった。タップ、バレエ、ボールルーム、アクロバットと何でもごされで、時にはフラダンスとタップを融合させたり、投げ縄をしなが らタップをしたり、また、時には動物(犬や馬)とまで見事に踊ってみせた。一流の男性ダンサーが束になっても敵わないだろうと思わせる、ただ一人の女性。 それがエレノア・パウエルである。

男顔負けのダンス能力を誇る彼女が最も輝くのは、パンツルックの男装(主に燕尾服)で踊るソロ・ナ ンバーの数々。 『踊る不夜城(Broadway Melody Of 1938)』のフィナーレを飾る「Your Broadway And My Broadway」のメドレー(画像左右)は、中でも最高にカッコいい彼女の姿を存分に堪能できる傑作場面のひとつだ。
ここで披露される一連 のダンスの中で注目したいのは、彼女がズボンのポケットに手を突っ込みながら、左右交互に足をはらうようにステップする場面(画像左)。これと似たような 動きを、マイケルは後ろに下がりながらやることがある。一番分かりやすいのが、ヴィデオ「Black Or White」後半で展開される裏通りでのソロ・ダンス場面 。あの場面は、マイケルのダンス・スタイルにタップからの影響があることを示す最高のサンプルだと思うが、実際にエレノアの類似した動きと見比べると、そのことがよりはっきりと感じられるのではないだろうか。


robinson_king.jpg robinson_kentuckey.jpg
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Bill Robinson
KING FOR A DAY (1934), IN OLD KENTUCKY (1935)
CAFE METROPOLE (1937), LET'S SCUFFLE (1942)

“ボージャングルズ(Bojangles)”のあだ名でも知られるビル・ロビンソン(1878~1949)。歯切れの良い独特のリズミカルなタップと、愛 嬌溢れるキャラで多くの人々から愛された。 '30年代後半、白人子役のシャーリー・テンプルと共演した一連の映画が大当たり。テンプルは子供、ロビンソンは彼女に仕える召使い役ではあったが、白人 と踊って人種の垣根を越えた黒人ダンサーは彼が初めてだった。また、チームを組むことが当たり前だった当時の黒人芸能界の中で、彼はめずらしくピン芸人と して大成した人でもある(黒人は白人よりも劣るため、数人で組んでやっと白人の一人前になる、と思われていた)。多分にステレオタイプな黒人像を引き受け ざるを得なかったロビンソンではあるが、そのダンスだけはいつでも本物。マイケルの大先輩に当たる、黒人初の大スター・ダンサーだ。

博 打好きな彼の性格が反映された'34年の短編『King For A Day』(画像上段左・中央)は、数ある彼のダンス映像の中でも間違いなくベストのひとつ。腰に片手を当てながらステップする下半身のバネの効き具合など にマイケルっぽさを見出せるだろうか。前に向かって歩いていながら、微妙に後進するステップも面白い。マイケルが「Billie Jean」で見せるトウ・スタンド(爪先立ち)はタップでもよく使われる技だが(その状態でビートも刻む。ただ、マイケルのように長く静止することはあま りない。 グレゴリー・ハインズはやっていたが)、ここではその逆のヒール・スタンド(踵立ち)を見ることもできる。

『In Old Kentucky』(画像上段右)では足下に注目。黒ズボン、黒靴の間から覗く真っ白なソックス。白い靴下をはくことにロビンソンが何かポリシーを持って いたのかは知らないが、それとなく観客の注意を足下に引きつける、ダンサーらしいスタイリングと言えるかもしれない。
マイケルの場合、白靴下には昔からはっきりとした拘りを持っていた(自伝『ムーンウォーク』参照)。その詳しい理由は不明だが、黒のローファーに白靴下というマイケル定番の組み合わせはジーン・ケリー 、足下でやたらと主張するでっぷりとした白靴下に関しては、 アステアフォッシーが付けていたスパッツを意識しているような気がする(実際、「 Smooth Criminal 」や『 Ghosts 』ではスパッツを付けている)。

『Cafe Metropole』(画像下段左)は、陽気で気のいい召使いのイメージばかり求められたロビンソンが、唯一燕尾服を着て踊った映画。彼はその機会をとて も喜んだが、残念ながら出演場面は公開時にすべてカットされてしまった。幻と消えたロビンソンのダンス場面は、20世紀フォックス作品の未発表映像を蔵出 しした'97年のテレビ番組〈Hidden Hollywood: Treasures From The 20th Century Fox Film Vaults〉(DVD化済み)の中でようやく陽の目を見た。

『Let's Scuffle』(画像下段中央・右)は、彼のパフォーマンスがたっぷり楽しめる秀作サウンディ。その場で歩くように足を左右交互に入れ替えるステップに 注目。直立体勢で肩だけ動かしながら小刻みに前進する動きもポッピング風というか、「Thriller」風というか。

ビル・ロビンソ ンのタップというのは本当に個性的である。上半身をそれほど使わないので、タップに馴染みのない人の目には地味に映るかもしれないが、是非、目を閉じて彼 のサウンドに耳を傾けて欲しいと思う。その最高にクリアで小気味のいいシンコペーション・サウンドは、いったん魅力を知ってしまうと、一日中でも聴いてい たくなるような凄まじい中毒性がある(ファンキーとすら言えるかもしれない)。彼のタップは、その音を聞いただけでも一発で判別することができるのだ。
ロビンソンは同時代の多くのダンサーに影響を与えた。アステアは『有頂天時代(Swing Time)』(1936)で彼にオマージュを捧げるナンバーを踊り、エレノア・パウエルは『ホノルル(Honolulu)』(1939)でロビンソンに扮して階段タップを披露している( ロビンソンは階段で踊るのを得意とした )。エレノアが彼から受けた影響は恐らく相当なもので、特に『踊るブロードウェイ(Broadway Melody Of 1936)』(1935)のハイライト・ナンバー「 Broadway Rhythm 」では、硬質でクリアなタップ音、ドライヴ感溢れる歯切れの良いシンコペーションに、その影響をはっきりと感じることができる。


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The Three Chefs
BREAKFAST IN RHYTHM (1943)

スリー・シェフスは黒人のタップ・トリオ。その名の通り、コックの格好をして踊る。

'43年のサウンディ『Breakfast In Rhythm』(画像左右)は、彼らの現存するほとんど唯一の映像。バリー・ペイジ Barry Paige 楽団の演奏に乗せて、歌(というかラップ)とタップを披露する姿が見られる(ヴィデオ内には足下のカットしか登場しないが、上半身は白衣でコック帽を被っ ている)。タップ自体は割と平均レベルだが、ラップのパフォーマンスとも相まって、非常にいなせな雰囲気を醸し出しているのがいい。足下のクロースアップ がダイナミックで、素朴な構図と編集ながら映像的な見応えもある。デューク・エリントン「East St. Louis Toodle-Oo」風のマイナー調スウィングもクール。私のお気に入りの作品だ。


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Tip Tap and Toe
PARDON MY SARONG (1942)

ティッ プ・タップ&トウは、サミュエル・グリーン(ティップ)、テッド・フレイザー(タップ)、レイ・ウィンフィールド(トウ)から成る3人組。 '30~'40年代を代表する黒人タップ・アクトのひとつである。彼らの見せるルーティンは大抵いつも同じで、テーブル状の高い台の上で3人が次々に入れ 替わり立ち替わり踊る。その中で圧倒的に目を引くのが、リーダー格のレイ・ウィンフィールド。足の裏にローラーでもついているのかと本気で思わずにいられ ない、凄まじいスライド技を披露するのである。スライド・ステップと言えばジミー・スライドが有名だが、ウィンフィールドがこの技の開拓者だと言われている。

アボット&コステロの映画『凸凹宝島騒動(Pardon My Sarong)』(画像)は彼らの代表的な映像のひとつ。とにかくウィンフィールドがテーブルに上がる度にいちいち度肝を抜かれる。彼らのパフォーマンスはタップ・ファンでなくとも必見である。


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Earl "Snake Hips" Tucker
SYMPHONY IN BLACK (1935)

アー ル・スネークヒップス・タッカーこそは“元祖ポッパー”と呼ぶに相応しい男である。 “スネークヒップス”というのは、腰をヘビのようにクネクネとローリングさせる'20年代頃に流行ったダンスの名称。タッカーはこれを発展させ、全身骨抜 きヘビ人間状態の恐ろしく風変わりなダンス・スタイルを確立した。

ビリー・ホリデイも出演しているデューク・エリントンの短編 『Symphony In Black』(画像)では、ナイトクラブのダンサーとして踊るタッカーの姿が見られる。リズムに合わせて身体全体をクネクネと不気味に捩らせるその動き は、ポッピングのウェービングに極めて近い。当時は単なるキワモノ・ダンサーだったと思うが、いまの目で見ると非常にモダンでカッコいい。

タッカーはMGMの短編カラー作品『 Crazy House 』(1930)にも出演し、そこで最高にエグいダンスを披露している(案の定、単なるビックリ人間状態で、完璧にキワモノ扱いされている)。 Sの字状の体勢で上半身を固定したまま下半身を動かすアクションなど、完全にポッピングの世界。彼の出演作品にはもう1本、同じくMGM製作の『ゴルフ狂 時代(Love In The Rough) 』(1930)があり、そこではタップを踏む姿も見られる。こういうキワモノ/見せ物的な人材を積極的に導入するあたり、さすがMGMと言うべきか。
ちなみに、似たような動きをする同時代の飛び道具系ダンサーには、 アル・ノーマン Al Normanという男がいる(白人)。タッカーがヘビだとすると、ノーマンはタコに近い。ポッピングやムーンウォークの起源を考える上では、彼の変態的な動きも見逃せない。


マ イケルのダンス・スタイルのルーツは、大きく3つに分けられると思う。ひとつはJB経由のソウル・ダンス。もうひとつはヒップホップ以降のストリート・ダ ンス(主にポッピング。その原型であるロボット・ダンスは'70年代半ばからやっていた)。そしてもうひとつが、今回スポットを当てている、タップをメイ ンに据えた20世紀前半のショウダンスである。
一連のヴィデオ(ショート・フィルム)作品群を見る限り、振付られた白人的なブロードウェイ・スタイルからの影響を強く感じさせるが、同時にマイケルの動きの中には、ストリートで技を競い合っていた黒人リズム・タッパーたちの熱い血も確実に引き継がれていると思う。

人種やスタイルに関係なく、過去の様々なダンサーの最良の部分を貪欲に吸収・消化しながら独自の型を創造していった天才ダンサー、マイケル・ジャクソン。 20世紀前半まで歴史を溯ることによって、“マイケル・スタイル”の謎も少しは解けてくるのではないだろうか。


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マ イケルによってムーンウォークが初めて披露されたのは、冒頭でも述べた通り、'83年5月16日に放映されたモータウン25周年テレビ特番における 「Billie Jean」のパフォーマンス。この番組は録画放送で、実際の収録は3月25日に行われている(マイケルの記憶によれば、放映約1ヶ月前の4月上旬)。
最後に、このモータウン25周年ライヴの「Billie Jean」に関するマイケル自身の回想の一部を、自伝『ムーンウォーク』(1988/田中康夫・訳)から引用しておく。伝説的なパフォーマンスは、実は披露される前日に徹夜で完成されたものだった。


収 録の前の晩になっても、ソロ・ナンバーをどう演るかについては、依然としてアイディアがない状態でした。そこで、僕は自宅のキッチンに降りていき、「ビ リー・ジーン」をかけたのです。大きな音で。僕はひとりで、ショーの前の晩、長いことそこに立ち尽くしながら、どうすればいいのか、曲が僕に語りかけてく れるのを聞いていたのです。僕はある程度まで、ダンスが自然にでき上がってくるようにさせていたのです。僕は本当に、曲に語りかけさせたのです。ビートが 体に入ってくるのを感じると、例のスパイ帽を被り、「ビリー・ジーン」のリズムが動きを作ってくれるがままに、ポーズを取り、ステップを踏み始めました。 曲にまかせて作っていってもらうしかないとまで思っていました。そうするしかなかったのです。そして“ステップ・バック”できるようになり、ダンスが完成 してしまうと、それはとても楽しい出来事となりました。

パフォーマンスの大部分は、実際、即興で湧いてきたものなのですが、いくつか のステップと動きを、僕は以前から練習していました。ムーンウォークの練習にはそれなりの時間をかけました。キッチンにいると、目の前で夜が明け、モータ ウン25で観衆を前にムーンウォークを披露する日が、とうとうやってきました。

ところで、この頃までに、このムーンウォークはもう路 上では流行りつつあったのですが、僕がやったことで、少しばかりその評価が高まったと思っています。ムーンウォークはブレークダンスのステップとして、黒 人の子供たちがゲットーの街角で作り出した“ポッピング”というタイプのステップから生まれたものです。ダンサーとして、黒人は本当に革新的です。多くの 新しい、美しく、シンプルなダンスを創造するんです。そこで“いいチャンスだ”とばかりに、それを実行したのです。ムーンウォークを僕に教えてくれたのは 3人の子供たち(*)でした。彼らから、その基本を授かると、ひとりで何度も何度も繰り返しました。それから僕は、他のステップと一緒にそれを練習しまし た。 「ビリー・ジーン」へのつなぎの部分で、月の上を歩いているかのように、後ろの方に、そして同時に前へと歩いてみよう。僕に判っていたのは、それだけでし た。



(*)マイケルにムーンウォークを授けた“3人の子供(若者)たち”というのは、 ジェフリー・ダニエル Jeffrey Danielとその仲間のジェロン・キャスパー・キャニデイト Geron "Casper" Canidate、 デレク・クーリー・ジャクソン Derek "Cooley" Jaxsonの こと。彼らは後にマイケルのヴィデオ「Bad」「Smooth Criminal」に振付(ダニエル)/ダンサーとしても参加している。他にマイケルを指導したポッパーとしては、ディズニー・アトラクション映画 『Captain EO』や「Smooth Criminal」に出演していたポッピン・タコ Pop N Taco (ブルーノ・ファルコン Bruno Falcon。元・エレクトリック・ブガルーズ) が有名。ダニエルとタコの2人は、'97年の長編ヴィデオ『Ghosts』に“振付顧問”としてもクレジットされている。

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ザ・ジャクソンズとして行われた'84年〈VICTORY〉ツアーでの「Billie Jean」
終盤のダンス・パートは後年よりずっと短いが、やはりこの時が最強にカッコいい

Michael Jackson and the history of the Moonwalk: YouTube explains it all! | Music news, reviews, albums, concerts, and downloads | The Music Mix | EW.com

Michael Jackson and the history of the Moonwalk: YouTube explains it all!

Jul 13, 2009, 01:13 PM | by Leah Greenblatt

Categories: Michael Jackson, Things We Love, YouTube delights

Though millions thought they were seeing it for the first time when Michael took those four (only four!) liquid steps on Motown's 25th Anniversary Special back in 1983, the Moonwalk actually has a long and storied history in dance.

Watch this YouTube clip below, which distills the evolution of the move from archived clips of the last century, including platinum-level fancy-footers Fred Astaire, Sammy Davis Jr., and Bill Bailey, then see Michael carry on the legacy -- and take it iconically next-level -- when he debuted it in '83.


How many of you spent countless hours on rec-room carpets and parqueted kitchen floors attempting to replicate those steps with just one sequined-sock percent of MJ's dazzling ability? And how many of you succeeded?

More from EW's Music Mix:
Live Aid 1985 photo gallery: What's your favorite?
So You Think You Can Dance top-12 stomp to the White Stripes "Seven Nation Army"; What's next?
Which city has inspired the best songs?
Michael Jackson talks Bad, price of fame in unreleased 1987 interview
Michael Jackson: The truth about his "final" photo shoot

Michael Jackson and the history of the Moonwalk: YouTube explains it all! | Music news, reviews, albums, concerts, and downloads | The Music Mix | EW.com

Pepsi Wild Cherry 100 0 20 28 28 0 0 0 0 0








Who's a Pepper? Claim: A new Pepsi soda can design omits the words "under God" from the Pledge of Allegiance.

FALSE

Examples:

[Collected via e-mail, February 2002]

Pepsi has a new patriotic can coming out with pictures of the Empire State Bldg. and the Pledge of Allegiance on them. But Pepsi forgot two little words on the pledge, "Under God." Pepsi said they did not want to offend anyone.

If this is true then we do not want to offend anyone at the Pepsi corporate office. If we do not buy any Pepsi product then they will not receive any of our monies. Our money after all does have the words "Under God" on it. Please pass this word to everyone you know. Tell your Sunday School class tomorrow and tell your Pastors so that they can tell the whole congregation. Christians stand up and let your voices be heard. We want the words "under God" to be read by every person who buys a can.

[Collected via e-mail, February 2003]

To drink or not to drink?

Coca-Cola has a new patriotic can coming out with pictures of the Empire State Building and the Pledge of Allegiance on them. But Coke forgot two little words on the pledge, "Under God."

Coke said they did not want to offend anyone. If this is true then we do not want to offend anyone at the Coke corporate office. If we do not buy any Coke products then they will not receive any of our monies. Our money, after all, does have the words "Under God" on it.

If you agree with this policy, please pass this word to everyone you know. Coke doesn't have the right to rewrite the Pledge Of Allegiance!! If you do not agree, just erase or delete this message.


Origins: Although there once was at least some element of truth to the item quoted above, the information it contains is long outdated and never had anything to do with Pepsi or Coca-Cola. Neither soda company is producing, or has ever produced, redesigned cans bearing any portion of the Pledge of Allegiance or an image of the Empire State Building. This issue concerns a special patriotic can design briefly produced by Dr Pepper back in November 2001, a can which was marketed for a limited time and has been off store shelves since February 2002.

The brouhaha began in mid-November 2001, when the Dr Pepper soft drink company, in response to the terrorist attacks on America a few months earlier, introduced a new can design featuring the Statue of Liberty with the words "ONE NATION ... INDIVISIBLE" from the Pledge of Allegiance displayed above it:
Dr Pepper
Dr Pepper did not print the entire Pledge of Allegiance on their cans while leaving out the words 'under God'; they invoked the Pledge of Allegiance by using a mere three words from the pledge. However, because the three words Dr Pepper chose to use were the words surrounding the phrase 'under God' (which was not itself part of the original pledge as written by Francis Bellamy in 1892 but was added to the pledge by an act of Congress in 1954), the new patriotic can design prompted calls for boycotts from some religious groups and news media who maintained that Dr Pepper had "omitted 'under God'" from their version of the Pledge (because it falls where Dr Pepper used ellipses) and publicized the issue by encouraging a campaign of sending e-mail and letters of complaint to the Dr Pepper company:

Dr Pepper has designed a new patriotic can featuring the Statue of Liberty and the Pledge of Allegiance, but they left out the phrase "under God" from the Pledge of Allegiance. When asked why, Dr Pepper replied: "We felt 'One Nation . . . Indivisible' best represented the message we were trying to get across."

Dr Pepper has also used the excuse that wasn't enough room on the can for the words "Under God". The real reason is that the company didn't want to risk offending anyone who doesn't believe in God. Bad timing. After the events of 9/11, that's just not politically correct anymore!

I really do like Diet Dr Pepper, but I'm joining the ranks of those who won't be buying another one until new cans are printed that include the whole Pledge of Allegiance. I don't want them to simply yank the cans off the shelves, I want new cans printed with the words, "under God" on the can! And if enough people demand this, we'll get it. Walt Disney, AT&T, and K-Mart all chose to ignore boycott efforts; and now those companies are reaping the financial consequences of their decisions.

This is an example letter that can be sent to the unfortunate victim of the latest boycott:

OPEN LETTER TO Dr PEPPER/SEVEN-UP, INC.

President Doug Tough
Dr Pepper/7-Up, Inc.
5301 Legacy Drive
Plano, TX 75024-3109
Toll Free Number 1-800-696-5891

E-Mail address for Mr. Doug Tough:
consumer_relations@dpsu.com


Dear Mr. Tough, I want to make it very clear that as an American, I am deeply offended that you had the audacity to leave out the all-important words "under God" from our Pledge of Allegiance on your new Dr Pepper cans. It seems you have taken it upon yourself to rewrite our country's Pledge of Allegiance in order not to offend those who don't believe in God. I also want you to know that I am joining the public boycott of Dr Pepper until such time as you rethink your advertising decision. Yanking the cans off the shelves won't be sufficient to correct this error. I demand you have new cans printed, with the words "under God" included in the Pledge of Allegiance and distribute them! At one time, Dr Pepper addressed the issue on its web site, saying: In recent days, several news media outlets in the country have reported on a special edition Dr Pepper can that was created to show support for the patriotic fervor that has been sweeping America since the tragic events of Sept. 11, 2001, and to show the world that we are a united nation of people who place a high value upon freedom. Much of the information being circulated on this subject is incomplete or inaccurate. Here are the facts: The can, released last November, features an image of the Statue of Liberty along with the words "One Nation ... Indivisible." The special packaging was designed to reflect our pride in this country's determination to stand together as one. The Statue of Liberty and Pledge of Allegiance were chosen as two of the greatest symbols of American freedom. Due to space limitations on the can, only a few of the 31 words from the Pledge of Allegiance could be used. The available area for graphics limited the amount of verbiage on the can. Of the 31 words in the Pledge of Allegiance, only three were included. More than 90 percent were not included. We at Dr Pepper/Seven Up strongly believe that the message on these cans is a resoundingly patriotic, bipartisan message that we are a united nation. More than 41 million special edition cans were ordered by Dr Pepper bottlers in portions of a dozen states. Because the limited edition patriotic can is to be retired in February, you will soon see regular packaging graphics for Dr Pepper at your local retail stores. Although 18 million Dr Pepper cans bearing the new design had been produced by February 2002, the company said they had received only "four complaints from Dubuque" and "200 other negative comments nationwide," and the issue seemed to have largely disappeared along with the cans by March 2002. However, when a United States Court of Appeals handed down a decision regarding the constitutionality of the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance in June 2002, it breathed new life into the Dr Pepper controversy even though the controversial cans had been off store shelves for months. Messages like the following began circulating much more widely than those of the initial campaign from February 2002: Subject: Dr Pepper Boycott We called on God on 9-11 so what's wrong with him now? For those who have not heard, the bottlers/manufacturers of Dr Pepper and their other products, have started a "new" can campaign. They are putting patriotic scenes on them. One, is the Empire State Bldg. with the pledge of allegiance...but...they left off the words..."under God". They felt it might "offend" some. I don't know about you, but as a Christian, their position offends me! I am boycotting their products! They said they didn't "have room" for those words, but yet they had room for "indivisible" on the can! Please pass this along to others and see if we can get a message out to Dr Pepper . . . if having "under God" on cans offends them, then they don't need our money with "in God we trust" on it! PLEASE PASS THIS INFORMATION ON TO YOUR FRIENDS! Somehow along the way this message morphed into the versions quoted at the head of this page, which inaccurately attribute the "Pledge" can design to Pepsi. Dr Pepper and Pepsi are two completely different companies: Pepsi is a product of the Pepsico corporation; Dr Pepper is a product of Dr Pepper Snapple Group (which was spun off from Cadbury Schweppes in 2008). Although Dr Pepper has been produced and distributed by Pepsi bottlers in some parts of the U.S., the Dr Pepper company has never been owned by PepsiCo, as the Washington Times erroneously reported. PepsiCo eventually had to issue its own rumor alert regarding this issue: FALSE RUMOR ALERT: PATRIOTIC CANS You've received an erroneous email about a "patriotic can" that Pepsi allegedly produced with an edited version of America's Pledge of Allegiance. The truth is, Pepsi never produced such a can. In fact, this is a hoax that has been circulating on the Internet for more than six years. A patriotic package used in 2001 by Dr Pepper (which is not a part of PepsiCo) was inappropriately linked to Pepsi. Thanks for giving us the chance to clarify the situation and please feel free to share this message with anyone else who may have received the erroneous email. In February 2003 we began seeing the call to boycott the soda bottler who had omitted "Under God" from its patrotic cans aimed at Coca-Cola. It was the same wording as the summons to arms against Pepsi that had circulated a year earlier but with "Coke" replacing "Pepsi" in the text. It too was false, as Coca-Cola had had no more to do with the short-lived Dr Pepper cans than had Time Pepsi. However one may feel about the Dr Pepper can design, writing to the company now and threatening to boycott them until they "put 'under God' back on their cans" is pointless. The patriotic "Pledge" can was produced only between November 2001 and February 2002, it was only sold in parts of twelve states, it has long since been retired, and it has not been available in stores since that one time.




Sources:


In 1898, Caleb D. Bradham, a small town pharmacist looked for a name that would better describe his formula which he was selling locally under the name "Brad's Drink." He bought the name "Pep Kola" from a local competitor and changed it to Pepsi-Cola. Today, every one of our workers strives to maintain the same high standards of quality and taste that have made Pepsi so popular the world over. PEPSI ...something for everyone HOME ABOUT OUR PRODUCTS ABOUT OUR INGREDIENTS BRAND SITES STORE LOCATOR Info By Product | Info By Category | Products For Schools Ingredient Glossary | Caffeine | Potassium | Sodium | Sugar Substitutes | Allergens | Other Home > About Our Products > Info By Product Print this page See Nutrition & Ingredient Information for One of Our Products To see information for another product, select the appropriate choices from the drop down boxes and click UPDATE. Product Category: Product: Type: Size: To see information for all products in this category, click here. Pepsi Pepsi - the bold, robust, effervescent magic cola It's the cola pepsiusa.com Nutrition Info Serving size 8 fl oz (240 mL) For More Information on Serving Sizes Click Here. PER SERVING 8 fl oz % DV* Calories 100 - Total Fat (g) 0 0 Sodium (mg) 25 1 Total Carbs (g) 28 9 Sugars (g) 27 - Protein (g) 0 - Not a significant source of other nutrients. *Percent Daily Values (DV) are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Due to variations in sodium contributions from water, the sodium level of our fountain beverages may vary. Ingredients CARBONATED WATER, HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP, CARAMEL COLOR, PHOSPHORIC ACID, CAFFEINE, SODIUM BENZOATE (PRESERVES FRESHNESS), CITRIC ACID, NATURAL FLAVORS Information reflects rounding as required by the Food & Drug Administration (21 CFR 101). This may produce occasional irregularities in some values when comparing information for different serving sizes. Product may not be available in all areas. More Information Because You Asked PER SERVING 8 fl oz Caffeine (mg) 25 Potassium (mg) 10 Phosphorous (mg) 36 Acesulfame Potassium (mg) 0 Aspartame (mg) 0 Sucralose (mg) 0


PEPSI BRANDS Pepsi
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Pepsi Product Facts

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For over 100 years, Pepsi-Cola has produced some of the finest soft drink ads available anywhere in the world. From today's "Joy of Pepsi," as sung by Britney Spears, to yesterday's "Nickel, Nickel" (1939), our ads are as memorable as the products we produce. Check out highlights of our favorite ads here.


2004: Pepsi unveils five new TV commercials for Pepsi and Sierra Mist on Super Bowl XXXVIII, making this the 19th straight year that Pepsi has advertised in the big game.
• On Super Bowl Sunday, Apple and Pepsi officially launch a historic promotion to legally give away millions of free songs to Mac and Windows PC users from Apple's iTunes Music Store.
• On the Academy Awards telecast, Diet Pepsi stole the spotlight as the country’s fastest-growing major soft drink bowed a new advertising campaign with the tagline, “Diet Pepsi. It’s the Diet Cola. The zero-calorie cola brand illustrates how it is the best option to go with food and social occasions, much like its sister brand, Pepsi-Cola.
• Two popular sportscasters help turn life’s everyday moments into a cause for celebration in a new advertising campaign for Pepsi EDGE, the new cola with full-flavored taste but half the sugar, carbs & calories of regular colas. The campaign tagline, "This moment deserves a Pepsi EDGE," reminds consumers that they can reward themselves with a Pepsi EDGE for completing even the simplest of tasks.
• Mountain Dew brings nostalgia back into pop culture as it introduces new commercials featuring the classic Mad Magazine "Spy vs. Spy" characters — who will stop at nothing to get their Dew.

2003: Pepsi-Cola unveils a new advertising campaign, "Pepsi. It's the Cola," which is the brand's first major campaign shift since 1999. The new campaign highlights the popular soft drink that goes with everything from food to fun.
• Pepsi's last major campaign change was in 1999, when it debuted "The Joy of Cola," which became "The Joy of Pepsi" in 2000.
• Pepsi updates its look with a bolder, more contemporary image that better captures the brand's youthful attitude.
• Mountain Dew offers its third line extension with Mountain Dew LiveWire, combining the unique citrus taste of Mountain Dew with a bold orange flavor. Available summer 2003.
• Pepsi's blockbuster summer promotion "Pepsi Play for a Billion" gives 1,000 consumers the chance to play for $1 billion on a live television show on The WB. A guaranteed $1 million prizewinner will be chosen and will then have a chance to win $1 billion without forfeiting the $1 million prize.
• In September, Richard Bay, a 42-year-old high school teacher from Princeton, West Virginia, became a millionaire on "Pepsi Play for a Billion" on The WB. Bay and the television audience then held their collective breath to see if he would also win the billion dollars. Instead, his number was two digits off the billion-dollar number, but Bay was still pleased with his cool million.

2002: In March, supermodel Cindy Crawford helps introduce a new look for Diet Pepsi. The updated graphics better represent the brand's light, crisp, refreshing qualities.
• Pepsi-Cola teams up with the National Football League, becoming its Official Soft Drink Sponsor.
• Pepsi declares, "It's a blue thing," and unveils Pepsi Blue in July. A fusion of berries with a splash of cola, the blue-hued soft drink is created by and for teens. Through nine months of research and development, Pepsi asks young consumers what they want most in a new cola. Their response: "Make it berry and make it blue."
• In December, American music and film sensation Beyoncé Knowles is welcomed as the newest member of the Pepsi family.

2001: The popular "Joy of Cola" tagline gets an update, becoming the "Joy of Pepsi." Three months later, Britney Spears stars in a blockbuster Pepsi commercial that breaks during the Academy Awards. An hour before the telecast, the high-energy spot debuts online, where more than 2 million fans click their way to Britney's own version of the "Joy of Pepsi."
• Thirsty consumers are invited to "discover a sensation as real as the streets," when cherry-flavored Mountain Dew Code Red is introduced.
• Pepsi puts a little twist on a great thing, unveiling the first national TV commercial for new lemon-flavored Pepsi Twist.

2000: The popular Pepsi Challenge makes its return, and consumers across the country let their taste decide the best cola and one-calorie cola. Helping launch the Challenge are two of baseball's top sluggers – Sammy Sosa and Ken Griffey Jr.
• On the airwaves, the "Joy of Cola" campaign is a hit as "Pepsi Girl" Hallie Eisenberg rocks with pop star Faith Hill and perennial rockers KISS.
• Among those doing the Dew is hip-hop artist Busta Rhymes, and Aquafina launches its first-ever television advertising campaign.

1999: "The Joy of Cola" new advertising campaign for brand Pepsi features the voices of actors Marlon Brando, Issac Hayes and "Queen of Soul" Aretha Franklin.
• Pepsi and Lucasfilm team up again as Star Wars Episode 1, The Phantom Menace hits movie theaters. Consumer excitement is heightened as special Pepsi bottles and cans offer 24 different Star Wars characters. The collection series includes an all-gold Yoda can. In addition, Pepsi introduces animated character "Marfalump," Star Wars' biggest fan, in its ads supporting the film.
• In a dramatic restructuring of this business, Pepsi announces one of the largest IPOs in history. On March 31, 1999, the Pepsi Bottling Group, Inc. (PBG) becomes a publicly traded company and the largest Pepsi bottler (http://www.pbg.com).

1998: Pepsi celebrates its centennial year with a birthday party attended by Pepsi-Cola bottlers from all over the world. Joining the festivities are Pepsi stars and friends, including Ray Charles, Kool and the Gang and the Rolling Stones. President and Mrs. George Bush, Lady Thatcher and Walter Cronkite also help to commemorate the occasion where the legacy of Pepsi is honored, and a new look for the millennium is unveiled: the three-dimensional symbol for one Pepsi family – poised for innovation and world leadership as it enters the new century.

1997: "GeneratioNext" signals a return to the long-running "generation" theme, and pop stars, The Spice Girls, build on the excitement of Pepsi advertising.
• A group of disco-dancing bears high-step their way into national popularity when they feel the pull of Pepsi and the beat of the Village People.

1996: The "Nothing Else Is A Pepsi" campaign makes its point in a memorable way when "Security Camera" catches a competitor's salesman preferring Pepsi.
• Lucasfilm and Pepsi agree to a long-term partnership for the Star Wars films and sequels.

1995: America raves over the new "Nothing Else Is A Pepsi" advertising campaign. The commercials achieve the highest popularity ratings ever and win top honors at the prestigious Cannes Advertising Festival.
• Pepsi is now the "Choice of a New Generation" in 195 countries around the world.

1994: Pepsi teaches consumers the importance of product expiration dates by adding "Freshness" information to each and every package sold.

1993: "Be Young, Have Fun, Drink Pepsi" advertising starring basketball superstar Shaquille O'Neal is rated as best in the U.S.

1992: Celebrities join consumers, declaring that they "Gotta Have It." The interim campaign supplants "Choice of a New Generation" as work proceeds on new Pepsi advertising for the '90s.
• Mountain Dew growth continues, supported by the antics of an outrageous new Dew Crew whose claim to fame is that, except for the unique great taste of Dew, they've "Been There, Done That, Tried That."

1991: "You Got the Right One Baby" is modified to "You Got the Right One Baby, Uh-Huh!" The "Uh-Huh Girls" join Ray Charles as backup singers, and a campaign soon to become the most popular advertising in America is on its way.
• Supermodel Cindy Crawford stars in an award-winning commercial made to introduce the updated Pepsi logo and package graphics.

1990: Teen stars Fred Savage and Kirk Cameron join the "New Generation" campaign, and football legend Joe Montana returns in a spot challenging other celebrities to taste their colas against Pepsi.
• Music legend Ray Charles stars in a new Diet Pepsi campaign, "You Got the Right One Baby."

1989: "The Choice of A New Generation" theme expands to categorize Pepsi users as "A Generation Ahead."

1988: Michael Jackson returns to "New Generation" advertising to star in a four-part "episodic" commercial named "Chase." The ad airs during the Grammy Awards program and is hailed by the media as "the most watched commercial in advertising history."

1987: After an absence of 27 years, Pepsi returns to New York's famed Times Square with a spectacular 850-square-foot electronic display billboard, declaring Pepsi to be "America's Choice."

1985: Lionel Ritchie leads a star-studded parade into "New Generation" advertising followed by pop music icons Tina Turner and Gloria Estefan. Sports heroes Joe Montana and Dan Marino are part of it, as are film and television stars Teri Garr and Billy Crystal.
• Geraldine Ferraro, the first woman nominated to be vice president of the U.S., stars in a Diet Pepsi spot. And the irrepressible Michael J. Fox brings special talent, style and spirit to a series of Pepsi and Diet Pepsi commercials, including a classic, "Apartment 10G."

1984: A new generation has emerged – in the United States, around the world and in Pepsi advertising, too. "Pepsi. The Choice of a New Generation" announces the change, and the most popular entertainer of the time, Michael Jackson, stars in the first two commercials of the new campaign. The two spots quickly become "the most eagerly anticipated advertising of all time."

1983: The soft drink market grows more competitive, but for Pepsi drinkers, the battle is won. The time is right and so is their soft drink. It's got to be "Pepsi Now!"

1982: With all the evidence showing that more people prefer the taste of Pepsi, the only question remaining is how to add that message to Pepsi Generation advertising. The answer? "Pepsi's Got Your Taste for Life!" – a celebration of great times and great taste.

1979: With the end of the '70s comes the end of a national malaise. Patriotism has been restored by an exuberant celebration of the U.S. bicentennial, and Americans are looking forward to the future with renewed optimism. "Catch that Pepsi Spirit!" catches the mood, and the Pepsi Generation carries it forward into the '80s.

1976: "Have a Pepsi Day" is the Pepsi Generation's upbeat reflection of an improving national mood. "Puppies," a 30-second snapshot of an encounter between a very small boy and some even smaller dogs, becomes an instant commercial classic.

1975: The Pepsi Challenge, a landmark marketing strategy, convinces millions of consumers that more people prefer the taste of Pepsi.

1973: Pepsi Generation advertising continues to evolve. "Join the Pepsi People, Feelin' Free" captures the mood of a nation involved in massive social and political change. It pictures us the way we are – one people, but with many personalities.

1969: "You've Got a Lot to Live. Pepsi's Got a Lot to Give" marks a shift in Pepsi Generation advertising strategy. Youth and lifestyle are still the campaign's driving forces, but with "Life/Give," a new awareness and a reflection of contemporary events and mood become integral parts of the advertising's texture.

1967: When research indicates that consumers place a premium on the superior taste of Pepsi when chilled, "Taste That Beats the Others Cold. Pepsi Pours It On," emphasizes the brand's product superiority. The campaign, while product-oriented, adheres closely to the energetic, youthful lifestyle imagery established in the initial Pepsi Generation campaign.

1966: The first independent Diet Pepsi campaign, "Girlwatchers," focuses on the cosmetic benefits of the low-calorie cola. The ad's musical theme becomes a Top 40 hit. Advertising for another new product, Mountain Dew, a regional brand acquired in 1964, airs for the first time, built around the instantly recognizable tag line, "Ya-Hoo, Mountain Dew!"

1964: A new product, Diet Pepsi, is introduced into Pepsi-Cola advertising.

1963: In one of the most significant demographic events in commercial history, the post-war baby boom emerges as a social and marketplace phenomenon. Pepsi recognizes the change and positions Pepsi as the brand belonging to the new generation – The Pepsi Generation. "Come Alive! You're in the Pepsi Generation" makes advertising history. It is the first time a product is identified, not so much by its attributes, as by its consumers' lifestyles and attitudes.

1961: Pepsi further refines its target audiences, recognizing the increasing importance of the younger, post-war generation. "Now It's Pepsi, For Those Who Think Young" defines youth as a state of mind as much as a chronological age, maintaining the brand's appeal to all market segments.

1959: Soviet Premier Nikita Krushchev and U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon meet in the soon-to-be-famous "kitchen debate" at an international trade fair in Moscow. The meeting, over cups of Pepsi, is photo-captioned in the U.S. as "Krushchev Gets Sociable."

1958: Pepsi struggles to enhance its brand image. Sometimes referred to as "the kitchen cola," as a consequence of its long-time positioning as a bargain brand, Pepsi now identifies itself with young, fashionable consumers with the "Be Sociable, Have a Pepsi" theme. A distinctive "swirl" bottle replaces the earlier straight-sided bottle.

1956: 149 Pepsi-Cola bottling plants are operating in 61 countries outside the U.S.

1954: "The Light Refreshment" evolves to incorporate "Refreshing Without Filling."

1953: Americans become more weight-conscious, and a new strategy based on lower caloric content of Pepsi is implemented with "The Light Refreshment" campaign.

1950: "More Bounce to the Ounce" becomes the new Pepsi theme as changing soft drink economics force Pepsi to raise prices to competitive levels. Alfred N. Steele becomes President and CEO of Pepsi-Cola. His wife, Hollywood movie star Joan Crawford, is instrumental in promoting the company's product line.

1949: "Why Take Less When Pepsi's Best?" is added to "Twice as Much" advertising.

1948: The Pepsi-Cola corporate headquarters moves from Long Island City, New York, to Midtown Manhattan. Pepsi is produced in cans for the first time.

1947: International profits reach $6,769,000. Pepsi moves into the Philippines and Middle East.

1943: The "Twice as Much" advertising strategy expands to includes the theme, "Bigger Drink, Better Taste." Sugar is again rationed during World War II. To counter the effects of rationing, Mack purchases a sugar plantation in Cuba, which proves to be a highly profitable venture.

1941: In support of America's war effort, Pepsi changes the color of its bottle crowns to red, white and blue. A Pepsi canteen in Times Square, New York, operates throughout the war, enabling more than a million families to record messages for armed services personnel overseas. Pepsi-Cola Company, until now a subsidiary of Loft Incorporate, is merged with Loft. Since the Pepsi brand name has become more famous than that of its owner, the parent company's name is changed to Pepsi-Cola Company. Pepsi-Cola stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange for the first time.

1940: Pepsi makes advertising history with the first advertising jingle ever broadcast nationwide. "Nickel, Nickel," will eventually become a hit record and will be translated into 55 languages. A new, more modern logo is adapted.

1939: Having survived the Great Depression and a handful of ownership changes, Pepsi is still being sold in a 12-ounce bottle for just a nickel – twice as much refreshment as other soft drinks for the same price. A newspaper cartoon strip, "Pepsi & Pete," introduces the theme, "Twice as Much for a Nickel," to increase consumer awareness of the Pepsi value advantage. Walter S. Mack Jr. is elected President of Pepsi-Cola Company.

1938: The trademark is registered in the Soviet Union. There are 85 Pepsi-Cola bottlers operating under franchise agreements across Canada.

1936: Pepsi-Cola Limited of London is established. 94 new U.S. franchises are granted. Year-end profits reach $2,100,000.

1935: Pepsi-Cola operations are moved to Long Island City, New York. The company sets up national territorial boundaries for the Pepsi bottler franchise system. Compania Pepsi-Cola de Cuba is formed.

1934: A landmark year for Pepsi-Cola. The drink is a hit, and to attract even more sales, Pepsi begins selling a 12-ounce bottle for five cents – the same price charged by its competitors for six ounces. The 12-ounce bottle debuts in Baltimore, where it is an instant success. The cost savings prove irresistible to depression-worn Americans, and sales skyrocket nationally. Pepsi-Cola Company of Canada Limited is formed. Caleb Bradham, the founder of Pepsi-Cola and "Brad's Drink," dies.

1932: The trademark is registered in Argentina.

1931: U.S. District Court for Eastern District Virginia declares the National Pepsi-Cola Company bankrupt. Loft, Inc., the giant candy company, buys Pepsi-Cola Company.

1928: After five continuous losing years, the company is reorganized as the National Pepsi-Cola Company.

1923: Pepsi-Cola Company is declared bankrupt and its assets are sold to a North Carolina concern, Craven Holding Corporation, for $30,000.

1922: An attempt at reorganization fails as few shares of stock are sold and investor interest in the new company wanes.

1921: The collapse of the sugar market results in enormous financial losses for Pepsi-Cola Company. Bradham attempts to put the company back on its feet by borrowing cash and selling assets and additional shares of stock. But by the end of the year, the company is insolvent and the bottling network collapses. Only two plants remain open.

1920: Pepsi appeals to consumers: "Drink Pepsi-Cola. It Will Satisfy You." The price of sugar on the New York Exchange reaches 26 cents per pound. Bradham gambles on the price going higher and buys large stocks of sugar. By the end of the year, sugar demand slows on the open market and the price drops to a catastrophic low of two cents per pound.

1917-18: Price controls hold sugar at 5-1/2 cents per pound during WWI. When the war ends, so do the price controls. The price of sugar begins an upward spiral.

1910: The first Pepsi-Cola bottlers' convention is held in New Bern, North Carolina.

1909: Automobile racing pioneer Barney Oldfield becomes the first celebrity to endorse Pepsi when he appears in newspaper ads describing Pepsi: "A bully drink…refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before a race." The theme "Delicious and Healthful" appears and will be used intermittently over the next two decades.

1908: Pepsi-Cola becomes one of the first companies to modernize delivery from horse-drawn carts to motor vehicles. A total of 250 bottlers are now under contract in 24 states.

1907: Pepsi-Cola Company continues to expand. The bottling network reaches 40 franchises. The trademark is registered in Mexico, and syrup sales top 100,000 gallons.

1906: The logo is redesigned and a new slogan is added: "The Original Pure Food Drink." The Pepsi-Cola trademark is registered in Canada. There are 15 Pepsi bottling plants in the U.S., and syrup sales reach 38,605 gallons.

1905: A new logo appears, the first change from the original created in 1898. First Pepsi-Cola bottling franchises are established in Charlotte and Durham, North Carolina.

1904: Bradham purchases a building in New Bern known as the Bishop factory for $5,000 and moves all bottling and syrup operations to this location. Sales increase to 19,848 gallons.

1903: "Doc" Bradham moves the bottling of Pepsi-Cola from his drugstore to a rented warehouse. In keeping with its origin as a pharmacist's concoction, Bradham's advertising praises his drink: "Exhilarating, Invigorating, Aids Digestion." And he sells 7,968 gallons of syrup in his first year of operation.

1902: The instant popularity of this new drink leads Bradham to devote all of his energy to developing Pepsi-Cola into a full-fledged business, and he applies for a trademark with the U.S. Patent Office in Washington, D.C. The first Pepsi-Cola Company is formed.

1898: One of Bradham's formulations, known as "Brad's Drink," a combination of carbonated water, sugar, vanilla, rare oils and kola nuts, is renamed "Pepsi-Cola" on Aug. 28.

1893: Caleb Bradham, a young pharmacist from New Bern, North Carolina, begins experimenting with many different soft drink concoctions; patrons and friends sample them at his drug store fountain.

History Of The Pepsi-Cola Logo

The Pepsi logo has made a remarkable evolution over the years into the three-dimensional globe against an ice blue background that's become synonymous with Pepsi products. Check out a recap of the Pepsi logo over the years.

Pepsi-Cola Logo Timeline

1998: In celebration of the company's centennial, Pepsi unveils a new look – a three-dimensional globe against an ice blue background, which becomes a universal symbol for one Pepsi family – poised for innovation and world leadership as it enters the new millennium.

1991: To foster the earlier scripted logo's sense of movement, "Pepsi," now in italic capital typeface, is removed from a smaller blue and red Pepsi swirl and runs vertically up the package.

1973: The logo evolves into a boxed look with minor typeface changes occurring throughout the decade.

1965: The "Bottle Cap" look is replaced with two bulls-eye swish marks surrounding "Pepsi."

1962: A "serrated" bottle cap logo debuts, accompanying the brand's groundbreaking "Pepsi Generation" ad campaign.

1943: The logo incorporates a "bottle cap" look. The bottle cap logo includes the tag, "Bigger Drink, Better Taste." In 1958, the Pepsi swirl bottle bows with the "Be Sociable" advertising campaign.

1941: To support the war effort, the Pepsi bottle crown colors change to red, white and blue.

1940: New CEO Walter Mack adopts standardized embossed 12-oz. bottle, which debuts with the "Pepsi-Cola" label blown and baked into the glass.

1933: After giant candy company Loft, Inc. buys the company in 1931, Pepsi-Cola sells for 10 cents in a 12-ounce bottle instead of the standard six-ounce package size. The tagline "Refreshing & Healthful" is added to the Pepsi bottle logo. When the price of a "twelve full ounce" bottle is slashed to 5 cents, the tagline is dropped.

1906: Modified script logo is created along with the slogan, "The Original Pure Food Drink."

1903: The Pepsi-Cola trademark is registered.

1898: New Bern, N.C., pharmacist Caleb Bradham renames "Brad's Drink," his carbonated fountain cola concoction, Pepsi-Cola.


Brand Sites
Want to know more about our products and what makes them some of America's favorite drinks and most talked about brands? Simply click on the product logos or links below and check out our brand sites.
AMP Energy by Mountain Dew AMP Energy
More Power to You
ampenergy.com Aquafina Aquafina
Make your body happy!
aquafina.com Dole Juice Dole Juice
Healthy juices on the go
dolejuice.com
Ethos Water Ethos Water
Helping children get clean water.
ethoswater.com Gatorade Gatorade
Rehydrate. Replenish. Refuel.
gatorade.com Lipton Brisk Lipton Brisk
It’s bold. It’s refreshing.
It’s Lipton Brisk.
liptonbrisk.com
Lipton Pure Leaf Tea Lipton Iced Tea
Refreshment comes in
many flavors.
liptonicedtea.com Lipton Pure Leaf Tea Lipton Pure Leaf Tea
Lipton Tea can do that.
liptonpureleaf.com Mountain Dew Mountain Dew
Do the Dew
mountaindew.com
Mug Root Beer Mug Root Beer
The taste you crave
mugrootbeer.com No Fear No Fear
Man Up!
energy.nofear.com Pepsi Pepsi
It’s the cola
pepsiusa.com
Pepsi Max Pepsi Max
The Invigorating Cola
pepsimax.com Propel Propel
Water. Propelled.
propelwater.com Sierra Mist Sierra Mist
It’s that refreshing
sierramist.com
SoBe SoBe
SoBelieve!
sobeworld.com Starbucks Coffee Drinks Starbucks Coffee Drinks
A new way to refresh
doubleshot.com

MANZANITA SOL Manzanita Sol 110 0 25 29 28 0 - - - -
MIRINDA Mirinda - Strawberry 110 0 50 29 29 0 0 0 0 0
MOUNTAIN DEW Mountain Dew 110 0 35 29 29 0 - - - -
Mountain Dew Baja Blast 110 0 30 29 29 0 0 0 0 0
Mountain Dew Code Red 110 0 35 31 31 0 0 - 0 0
Diet Mountain Dew 0 0 40 0 0 0 - - - -
MUG Mug Root Beer 100 0 15 26 26 0 - - - -
PATIO Patio Ginger Ale 90 0 20 23 23 0 0 0 0 0
Patio Quinine Tonic 80 0 20 22 22 0 0 0 0 0
PEPSI Pepsi 100 0 25 28 27 0 - - - -
Caffeine Free Pepsi 100 0 20 28 28 0 - - - -
Pepsi Wild Cherry 100 0 20 28 28 0 0 0 0 0
Diet Pepsi 0 0 25 0 0 0 - - - -
Caffeine Free Diet Pepsi 0 0 25 0 0 0 - - - -
SIERRA MIST Sierra Mist 100 0 20 27 27 - - - - -
Diet Sierra Mist 0 0 25 0 0 0 - - - -
TROPICANA TWISTER SODA Tropicana Twister Soda - Orange 110 0 25 31 30 0 - - - -