SEO

May 13, 2019

5xx Server errors


A 404 error on Wikipedia.




5xx Server errors






This class of status code is intended for situations in which the error seems to have been caused by the client. Except when responding to a HEAD request, the server should include an entity containing an explanation of the error situation, and whether it is a temporary or permanent condition. These status codes are applicable to any request method. User agents should display any included entity to the user.[31]





400 Bad Request
The server cannot or will not process the request due to an apparent client error (e.g., malformed request syntax, size too large, invalid request message framing, or deceptive request routing).[32]
401 Unauthorized (RFC 7235)
Similar to 403 Forbidden, but specifically for use when authentication is required and has failed or has not yet been provided. The response must include a WWW-Authenticate header field containing a challenge applicable to the requested resource. See Basic access authentication and Digest access authentication.[33] 401 semantically means "unauthenticated",[34] i.e. the user does not have the necessary credentials.
Note: Some sites incorrectly issue HTTP 401 when an IP address is banned from the website (usually the website domain) and that specific address is refused permission to access a website.
402 Payment Required
Reserved for future use. The original intention was that this code might be used as part of some form of digital cash or micropayment scheme, as proposed for example by GNU Taler[35], but that has not yet happened, and this code is not usually used. Google Developers API uses this status if a particular developer has exceeded the daily limit on requests.[36] Sipgate uses this code if an account does not have sufficient funds to start a call.[37] Shopify uses this code when the store has not paid their fees and is temporarily disabled. [38]
403 Forbidden
The request was valid, but the server is refusing action. The user might not have the necessary permissions for a resource, or may need an account of some sort.
404 Not Found
The requested resource could not be found but may be available in the future. Subsequent requests by the client are permissible.
405 Method Not Allowed
A request method is not supported for the requested resource; for example, a GET request on a form that requires data to be presented via POST, or a PUT request on a read-only resource.
406 Not Acceptable
The requested resource is capable of generating only content not acceptable according to the Accept headers sent in the request.[39] See Content negotiation.
407 Proxy Authentication Required (RFC 7235)
The client must first authenticate itself with the proxy.[40]
408 Request Timeout
The server timed out waiting for the request. According to HTTP specifications: "The client did not produce a request within the time that the server was prepared to wait. The client MAY repeat the request without modifications at any later time."[41]
409 Conflict
Indicates that the request could not be processed because of conflict in the current state of the resource, such as an edit conflict between multiple simultaneous updates.
410 Gone
Indicates that the resource requested is no longer available and will not be available again. This should be used when a resource has been intentionally removed and the resource should be purged. Upon receiving a 410 status code, the client should not request the resource in the future. Clients such as search engines should remove the resource from their indices.[42] Most use cases do not require clients and search engines to purge the resource, and a "404 Not Found" may be used instead.
411 Length Required
The request did not specify the length of its content, which is required by the requested resource.[43]
412 Precondition Failed (RFC 7232)
The server does not meet one of the preconditions that the requester put on the request.[44]
413 Payload Too Large (RFC 7231)
The request is larger than the server is willing or able to process. Previously called "Request Entity Too Large".[45]
414 URI Too Long (RFC 7231)
The URI provided was too long for the server to process. Often the result of too much data being encoded as a query-string of a GET request, in which case it should be converted to a POST request.[46] Called "Request-URI Too Long" previously.[47]
415 Unsupported Media Type (RFC 7231)
The request entity has a media type which the server or resource does not support. For example, the client uploads an image as image/svg+xml, but the server requires that images use a different format.[48]
416 Range Not Satisfiable (RFC 7233)
The client has asked for a portion of the file (byte serving), but the server cannot supply that portion. For example, if the client asked for a part of the file that lies beyond the end of the file.[49] Called "Requested Range Not Satisfiable" previously.[50]
417 Expectation Failed
The server cannot meet the requirements of the Expect request-header field.[51]
418 I'm a teapot (RFC 2324, RFC 7168)
This code was defined in 1998 as one of the traditional IETF April Fools' jokes, in RFC 2324, Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol, and is not expected to be implemented by actual HTTP servers. The RFC specifies this code should be returned by teapots requested to brew coffee.[52] This HTTP status is used as an Easter egg in some websites, including Google.com.[53][54]
421 Misdirected Request (RFC 7540)
The request was directed at a server that is not able to produce a response[55] (for example because of connection reuse).[56]
422 Unprocessable Entity (WebDAV; RFC 4918)
The request was well-formed but was unable to be followed due to semantic errors.[17]
423 Locked (WebDAV; RFC 4918)
The resource that is being accessed is locked.[17]
424 Failed Dependency (WebDAV; RFC 4918)
The request failed because it depended on another request and that request failed (e.g., a PROPPATCH).[17]
425 Too Early (RFC 8470)
Indicates that the server is unwilling to risk processing a request that might be replayed.
426 Upgrade Required
The client should switch to a different protocol such as TLS/1.0, given in the Upgrade header field.[57]
428 Precondition Required (RFC 6585)
The origin server requires the request to be conditional. Intended to prevent the 'lost update' problem, where a client GETs a resource's state, modifies it, and PUTs it back to the server, when meanwhile a third party has modified the state on the server, leading to a conflict.[58]
429 Too Many Requests (RFC 6585)
The user has sent too many requests in a given amount of time. Intended for use with rate-limiting schemes.[58]
431 Request Header Fields Too Large (RFC 6585)
The server is unwilling to process the request because either an individual header field, or all the header fields collectively, are too large.[58]
451 Unavailable For Legal Reasons (RFC 7725)
A server operator has received a legal demand to deny access to a resource or to a set of resources that includes the requested resource.[59] The code 451 was chosen as a reference to the novel Fahrenheit 451 (see the Acknowledgements in the RFC).



5xx Server errors


The server failed to fulfill a request.
[60]

Response status codes beginning with the digit "5" indicate cases in which the server is aware that it has encountered an error or is otherwise incapable of performing the request. Except when responding to a HEAD request, the server should include an entity containing an explanation of the error situation, and indicate whether it is a temporary or permanent condition. Likewise, user agents should display any included entity to the user. These response codes are applicable to any request method.[61]

500 Internal Server Error
A generic error message, given when an unexpected condition was encountered and no more specific message is suitable.[62]
501 Not Implemented
The server either does not recognize the request method, or it lacks the ability to fulfil the request. Usually this implies future availability (e.g., a new feature of a web-service API).[63]
502 Bad Gateway
The server was acting as a gateway or proxy and received an invalid response from the upstream server.[64]
503 Service Unavailable
The server cannot handle the request (because it is overloaded or down for maintenance). Generally, this is a temporary state.[65]
504 Gateway Timeout
The server was acting as a gateway or proxy and did not receive a timely response from the upstream server.[66]
505 HTTP Version Not Supported
The server does not support the HTTP protocol version used in the request.[67]
506 Variant Also Negotiates (RFC 2295)
Transparent content negotiation for the request results in a circular reference.[68]
507 Insufficient Storage (WebDAV; RFC 4918)
The server is unable to store the representation needed to complete the request.[17]
508 Loop Detected (WebDAV; RFC 5842)
The server detected an infinite loop while processing the request (sent instead of 208 Already Reported).
510 Not Extended (RFC 2774)
Further extensions to the request are required for the server to fulfil it.[69]
511 Network Authentication Required (RFC 6585)
The client needs to authenticate to gain network access. Intended for use by intercepting proxies used to control access to the network (e.g., "captive portals" used to require agreement to Terms of Service before granting full Internet access via a Wi-Fi hotspot).[58]





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May 7, 2019

Alexey Brodovitch


Alexey Brodovitch - iconofgraphics.com






Alexey Brodovitch

ICONOFGRAPHICS


USA
, 1898 - 1971

"If you know yourself, you are doomed."


- Alexey Brodovitch

excerpt from 'Alexey Brodovitch' by K.W. Purcell.

Brodovitch in New York,

c. 1960


Photograph by Henri Cartier-Bresson

Alexey Brodovitch is known foremost for his work on the american fashion-magazine Harper's bazaar.
Born in Ogolitchi, Russia in 1898 in an aristocratic and wealthy family, Brodovitch's youth was marked by the bolshevik revolution. Being a loyal supporter of the tsar, he became first lieutenant in the czar's White Army.
In 1920 he fled to Paris as an exile from the October Revolution. Like many other emigrés whom had gained wealth in Russia, he ended up being both poor and workless. For the first time in his life he had to work to gain money. Living in Montparnasse, he found himself in a community of russian artists, which lead to his wish to become a painter.
He obtained a job as a painter of stage sets for Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. Diaghilev's approach to design inspired him to move towards the more commercial arts and influenced him in his ideas on the lack of boundaries between different arts.

Bal Banal


1924


Poster for a party for Russian émigrés in Paris.

Brodovitch entered a poster competition which searched for the most innovatory design to anounce an upcoming ball. He won the first prize, leaving a drawing by Picasso behind. His design symbolically represented the idea of masking in the switch between colors black and white. This 'Bal Banal' poster was the beginning of his career as a graphic designer as it brought him to the attention of various designers and agencies.

martini advertisement



1926

The ad agency Maximilien Vox asked Brodovitch a design for Martini Vermouth. The result, based on strict geometric forms and basic colors resembled the constructivist style as seen in El Lissitsky's work.

While politically he was sympathetic with czarist russia, his artistic work shared the ideas of the avant-garde. This might mean that avant-garde ideas in design, which are thought to be post-revolutionary, actually predate the revolution and were non-political in origin.*








* Theory from Hobsbawn,'The Age of Empire', 230-231


Athelia


Catalogue Cover


1929




Madelios Catalogue Sports


Catalogue Cover


1929

Soon his work was in great demand, designing posters and advertisements. He became art director for Athélia Studio, which gave him the opportunity to direct all aspects of a creative production. He had become one of the most respected designers of commercial art in Paris, but Paris began to lose its spirit of adventure it initially had. He looked across the Atlantic for new opportunities and was asked to come to Philadelphia to organize design classes at Philadelphia College of Art.
At that moment Bodovitch was one of the pioneers to bring modernist ideas to America.*

Design of the early thirties was conservative and lacked of radical experiments. This could be explained by the economic situation after the Wall street crash in 1929. Many companies felt the need to show stability and used trusted methods in their advertisement design.

* More would follow. In the mid 1930's Paul Rand, influenced by avant-garde european art, started his own design practice.


At the Philadelphia college of Art Brodovitch teached by using examples of european graphic design, questioning his students about the placing of the elements and the decisions made by the designers. He once said "we learn by making mistakes. We must be critical of ourselves and have the courage to start all over again after each failure. Only then do we really absorb, really start to know."* He placed himself on the same level as his students, treating them as equals. He often brought real design assignments to the classroom, asking his students to think along.






* Brodovitch, 'Brodovitch on Brodovitch', 45.


In 1933 he started workshops that were open to all professions, known as the 'Design Laboratory'. In every assignment the students were challenged to avoid clichés, capture the essence, use their mistakes and look within themselves for the solution. Brodovitch was known for contradicting himself. He would say one thing and the next week he would say the oposite. This way he urged his students to think for themselves.

Brodovitch reviewing
page layouts. He saw photographs in sequence as if they were frames in a film.


Photograph by Richard Avedon.


1959




Brodovitch in his office at Harper's Bazaar. Photograph by Maurice Tabard.


ca. 1950

As expected his work didn't go unnoticed in America. The photographer Ralph Steiner who worked for Harper's Bazaar, recognized the potential of Brodovitch as a designer. He introduced him to Carmel Snow, editor-in-chief of the magazine whom immediately offered him a job.
"I saw a fresh, new conception of layout technique that struck me like a revelation: pages that bled beautifully, cropped photographs, typography and design that were bold and arresting. Within ten minutes i had asked Brodovitch to have cocktails with me, and that evening i signed him to a provisional contract as art director."


- carmel snow*

* Carmel Snow and Mary Louise Aswell,'The world of Carmel Snow', NY, McGraw-Hill, 1962,90.


Harper's Bazaar,
September 1956


Photograph by Richard Avedon




Harper's Bazaar,


April 1940


Design by A.M. Cassandre

Harper's Bazaar,
February 1952


Photograph by Richard Avedon




Harper's Bazaar,

October 1947


Photograph by Ernst Beadle


Brodovitch created a harmonious and meaningful whole using avant-garde photography, typography and illustration. After being hired he asked several old friends like Man Ray, Jean Cocteau, Raoul Dufy, Marc Chagall and A.M. Cassandre to work for the magazine. Cassandre created several of the Bazaar covers between 1937 and 1940.

Brodovitch was the first art director to integrate image and text. Most american magazines at that time used text and illustration seperately, dividing them by wide white margins.

Ramon and Renita


Article in Harper's Bazaar, Photographs by Martin Munkacsi.


1935

This spread from 1935 shows the integration of all graphic elements. Brodovitch accentuates the fluidity and movement of the images by using repetition and diagonal and horizontal stress. He uses the contacts like frames from a film and creates the illusion of movement and spontaneity across the left-hand page. The strips of film overflow onto the opposing page, as if the dancers have twirled across the spine of the magazine. The enlargement on the right-hand page depicts the grand finale of this dance numer.

Mock-up spread for
Harper's Bazaar



c. 1940-1950

Brodovitch cropped his photograhps, often off-center, brought them to the edge of the page, integrated them in the whole. He used his images as a frozen moment in time and often worked with succeeding pages to create a nice flow trough the entire magazine. This brought a new dynamism in fashion layouts.

Two Guys and
the Devil's Advocate



Article in Harper's Bazaar, Photographs by Richard Avedon.


1955

The typeface he preferred was Bodoni, but when needed he switched to Stencil, Typewriter or a script. He matched the typeface with the feeling or with the need for an appropiate effect. Legibility was not his primary concern.

His layouts are easily recognized by his generous use of white space. Colleagues at other magazines saw his sparse designs as truly elegant, but a waste of valuable space.

If you don't like full skirts...


Article in Harper's Bazaar, Photographs by
George Hoyningen-Huene


March 1938

Unknown


Article in Harper's Bazaar, Photographer unknown.


date unknown

Besides his work at Bazaar, his freelance work grew throughout the forties.
In 1949 Frank Zachary felt the need to create an american publication focused on art and design, like there had been several in europe. When looking for an art director they thought of Paul Rand and Brodovitch. Rand appeared to be too much of an artist and not enough of an art director, so Brodovitch became director of Portfolio.

Portfolio 1, winter 1950


front - and backcover.


Editors George Rosenthal
and Frank Zachary.

Brodovitch used only type on the cover, which was unusual for american magazines at that time. He wanted to create a magazine unlike any other. The first issue of the magazine is filled with a range of design influences that formed Brodovitch's creative vision.

But as they had chosen to create a no-expense-spared magazine and a rejection of any advertising at all, the magazine ended up folding after just three issues.

Portfolio 2,

summer 1950


For the cover Brodovitch reproduced Charles Eames's design for a kite.




Portfolio 3,
1951


For the third cover Brodovitch reproduced strips of film from a movie by Herbert Matter.

During this time Brodovitch was frequently absent from the Bazaar office, not only because the load of jobs he was offered, but also because of his problem with alcohol. It was partly because of this heavy drinking that Brodovitch was fired from his position at Harper's in 1958.

His wife Nina died in the same period and, left without a pension, his financial and physical situation worsened. He died in 1971 in a small village in southern France where he had spent the last three years of his life.

Harper's Bazaar,

July 1948


Photograph by Richard Avedon.




Harper's Bazaar,

date unknown


Photographer unknown

New Arrangements for Dinner.


Article in Harper's Bazaar, Photographs by
Gleb Derujinski.


November 1951

The Consensus of Opinion


Article in Harper's Bazaar, Photograph by Man Ray


March 1936

The Ultra Violets


Article in Harper's Bazaar, Photographs by
Richard Avedon.


published in the last issue directed by Brodovitch


August 1958

The Ultra Violets


Article in Harper's Bazaar, Photographs by
Richard Avedon.


published in the last issue directed by Brodovitch


August 1958

Tips in Your Fingers


Article in Harper's Bazaar, Photographs by
Herbert Matter.


April 1941

Mainbocher


Article in Harper's Bazaar, Photographs by
Richard Avedon


June 1955

READING





Kerry William Purcell, Alexey Brodovitch, Phaidon Press (2002).
find this book on amazon.com





Gabriel Bauret, Alexey Brodo-Vitch, Assouline (2005).


find this book on amazon.com





Alexey Brodovitch, Portfolio #2: A Magazine for the Graphic Arts, Zebra Press (1950).


find this book on amazon.com





Roger Remington and Barbara Hodik, Nine Pioneers in American Graphic Design, The MIT Press (1992).


find this book on amazon.com





Andy Grundberg , Brodovitch (Masters of American Design), Harry N Abrams (1989).


find this book on amazon.com





Brodovitch: Bazaar and Beyond





Brodovitch on AIGA





IMAGES



Portrait Series of Brodovitch by Benedict J. Fernandez







May 6, 2019

what is your opinion of the Gibson L6-S? poll










Posted by Doug Meet on Monday, May 6, 2019
what is your opinion of this? Gibson L6-S