10 11

10 11

10-11 Identify frequency

This Day until the end of the year, 81 days remain  Updated wikipedia Talk:11

 

 

10 11

Katie Wilks

A look at language and gender in Latin and English

December 4, 2002

Katie Wilks

A look at language and gender in Latin and English

December 4, 2002

Language and Culture

ANTH 3063

Prof. Sean O’Neill

            I thought it would be interesting to compare and contrast the relationship between language and gender in two languages I am very familiar with, Latin and English. Latin is a fascinating language if for no other reason than so many other languages spawned from it. Since Latin is the root of English I assumed there should be many ties between each languages’ grammar rules concerning gender, and the resultant cultural impact those ideas have on their societies. I found that my assumption was correct in some instances, but not in all.

            First I want to focus on the idea of a default gender pronoun. In Latin each verb contains its own pronoun within its suffix. For example, the suffix “-t” when used with Latin verbs denotes third person active singular. But, it does not specify whether this is masculine, feminine, or neuter. Many times when reading a Latin passage the exact gender of the object is not made clear, and must be assumed. In the sentence fragment “Me non amat” (Catullus, p.15) the direct translation is “He, she or it does not love me.” The three possible genders are indicated by the “-t” at the end of the verb amo. (Wheelock, p. 2) But, if this is all you have to go on for a translation, which pronoun do you choose? It is not made clear in the sentence if “he, she or it” does not love this person. So which gender do you pick? In this instance we do not have to guess because the gender from the poem’s historical context. The author, Catullus, is writing a farewell letter to his lover, Lesbia. So, he is obviously referring the the female gender when he writes “Me non amat”, “She does not love me.” Because Latin verbs can share genders, (Wheelock, p.2) the need for a default gender pronoun does not really arise. It would make no difference if someone was just talking about people in general and used the verb “laudo”, to praise. (Wheelock, p.4) All they need to say is “laudat” to refer to a man, woman, or neuter object praising something. One word contains all three possibilities, and it is up to the reader to surmise which gender is being used if it is not made apparent in the context.

            In English, however, we do not have the luxury of using universal gender pronouns. When we speak about “someone praising someone else” we are forced to pick a gender. “He” praised someone. In most conversational English the pronoun “he” is substituted when gender is either unknown or unspecified. And, in some cases people try to remove any gender from the sentence by using the third person plural form (they, or them), instead of the singular form when talking about a single person. But, this usage is grammatically incorrect. For example: “They were really nice.”  is incorrect if you are talking about one person who treated you favorably. This is the pronoun game. I think that the reason English seems plagued by the problem of specific gender pronouns more so than in Latin is because we are more familiar with the vernacular. Since Latin is a dead language we only know the written words, not the spoken. When people write things down they tend to make their thoughts clearer than in everyday speech. Their words are planned, and so genders are normally not ambiguous unless they are meant to be by the author. For all we know Latin had the same difficulties indicating gender with their universal pronouns as we do with our specific ones in everyday speech. But, since there is no one around who has been speaking Latin since it died out to pose these questions too, I will just have to hypothesize that this was not a problem that faced Latin speakers. I believe that English needs a universal pronoun to describe both genders, and that we seem to be evolving closer and closer to creating one by broadening the use of our default pronoun “he.”

            One of the major differences between Latin and English grammar are their case systems. Latin has specifically masculine, feminine, and neuter words that English entirely lacks. Some Latin words can hold either gender. One such example is the word for lion, “leo” for male lions, and “leaena” for lionesses. (Oxford, p.78) This makes it a pinch to describe an animal and include its gender in one simple word. But, what happens when an animal is given only one word and gender to describe it, such as fox or “vulpes.” (Oxford, p.152) In this case the word for fox has only one gender, feminine. How do you describe male foxes? Or in the case of the beaver, “castor” which has only a masculine case, how do you describe females of that species? (Oxford, p.22) In the story of Reinardus and Chantecler (Aesop - Odo #25) the exact gender of Reinardus, the fox, is somewhat ambiguous. All of the describing adjectives must agree in gender with the noun, and not the animal’s particular gender. If Reinardus’ actual name was not masculine in form, the gender of this anecdotal character might have remained a mystery. Beavers, however, have an obvious association with males. It was believed that their testicles held a healing power, and were therefore prized by hunters. (Physiologus) While there may be cultural significance concerning why foxes are considered female, I am not aware of it.

            A particular grammar rule stuck out like a sore thumb when I first starting learning the Latin language. The rule states that if a single man is in a crowd of women, the speaker must address the crowd in the masculine plural form, not feminine. I always found this peculiar, and attributed it to the patriarchal society that Latin speakers lived in. But now I find myself reevaluating that hypothesis. We too have a masculine plural formula to address groups by. The word “guy” or “guys” is commonly used to indicate any variety of a group from all male to all female. However, in English it is not a rule to use masculine plural words when addressing a mixed crowd, it is simply the vernacular.

            English is unlike other romance languages such as Latin and French because it has no specific gender cases for adjectives, or gender specific nouns. Yes, some words are inheritantly one or the other because of their definitions, but there is no grammar rule governing them. The word woman carries with it a kind of feminine add-on case, and the word man carry a masculine add-on case. Neither of these words is governed by English grammar rules to be specifically masculine or feminine, but they simply are. The interesting thing is to look at words that have no immediate connection to the gender they have come to represent. Take, for instance, the word “doctor.” This word is associated with men, probably because men have taken that particular role in society for centuries. Over time this word has become associated with the male gender.

            On the opposite end of the spectrum is the word “secretary.” It is overwhelmingly associated with women. In fact, the idea of a male secretary is a bit outrageous. A great example of this is the TV comedy “Just Shoot Me.” It is my belief that in order to set up the comedic meter of the show they gave the lead actor, David Spade “Finch”, the part of a male secretary for a woman’s magazine. This takes it that step or two out of reality. It is set it far enough away from what people feel is normal so that they can appreciate the fantasy aspect of the show. Just Finch’s situation is a cause for comedic relief, without a punch line needing to be uttered.

            Gender specific words can branch into what should and should not be said by each sex. Men, for instance, should not say the word “fabulous” or know more than a few color words. It is peculiar that men who break these two rules are labeled as “unmanly” and “girlish.” It is a bit shocking to think that in such “enlightened” times as these such gender-role stereotyping can occur, but it does. I do not think it reflects poorly on our society in the least bit, especially since most of the stereotypes run centuries deep. It is going to take us more than a few radical decades to derail gender stereotyping.

            In the nineties a movement was brought to life to try and remove gender specific words from the more formal parts of speech. In other words, people wanted to removed gender from their job titles. Now, the word “doctor” in no way implies a male worker, but the word “policeman” certainly does. Various job title were changed, including: letter carriers, police officers, TV anchor persons, flight attendants, and executive assistants. The first four encompassed job titles that specifically denoted a gender (mailman, policeman, TV anchorman, stewardess, and secretary), and so they were changed to a more general description. But, the last title was not changed for that reason. A “secretary” does not have any direct correlation to the female gender. However, this title had a history of gender stereotyping, and so it was changed to a less gender specific title along with the others.

            Another interesting point I’d like to make is about the use of gender biased vocabulary in the English language concerning cuss words. A majority of cuss words involve women in some derogatory fashion. A short list might include: mother fucker, bitch, son of a bitch, bastard, and whore. I have personally heard all of these words applied to both sexes, even though most seem only to apply to one. Why has our culture evolved in such a way as to use words we do not want our younger children to hear to describe sexually active women? It probably relates to the prohibition men put on a woman’s sexual enjoyment during most of American and English history. I think it reflects a society that still is not as evolved as it likes to look on the outside with all of our movements towards removing gender biased in other areas. But, trying to overcome cuss words will prove much more challenging than renaming a handful of careers. People who use this vocabulary are not regulated by any laws to change what they are doing because it violates the equal rights of women to have popular cuss words against men. It is a change that will have to come from the inside out this time. Those who use the language with abandon will have to choose to change, or simply decide that some new slang is much more fitting than the old stuff.

            It is so easy to study Latin because it is a static language. There is no change over time, no evolution. Everything is grammatically as it was 2000 years ago. It is a snap shot of a culture that is also extinct. English, however, is alive and thriving. Our words have made it into countless other vocabularies in different languages around the world. It is a given for a business associate in Hong Kong or Tokyo to speak their native language as well as English. But, as English is evolving is it becoming closer to, or farther away from its parent language, Latin, when dealing with gender and grammar rules? I believe English is evolving and finding its own way to deal with a lack of gender rules. So, in that way it is becoming more like Latin. In the long run I think English and Latin will stay very separate entities when it comes to most grammar rules and vocabulary. But, English’s core grammar rules may be making a shift East as we invent and reinvent new ways to cope with our distinct lack of universal pronouns, and our need to remove gender words we deem derogatory from everyday speech.
Bibliography

Aesop - Gibbs, Laura;  Aesop's Fables and Other Parables; Oxford World’s Classics; 2002

 

Catullus - Garrison, Daniel H; The Student’s Catullus (2nd edition); University of Oklahoma Press; 1995

 

Oxford - Morwood, James; The Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary (2nd edition); Oxford University Press; 2000

 

Physiologus - Physiologus; Aberdeen Bestiary; http://liaisons.ou.edu/~lgibbs/medieval/05/readings/reading1.htm

 

Wheelock - Wheelock, Frederic M; Wheelock’s Latin (6th edition); Harper Collins Publishers; 2000

Language and Culture

ANTH 3063

Prof. Sean O’Neill

            I thought it would be interesting to compare and contrast the relationship between language and gender in two languages I am very familiar with, Latin and English. Latin is a fascinating language if for no other reason than so many other languages spawned from it. Since Latin is the root of English I assumed there should be many ties between each languages’ grammar rules concerning gender, and the resultant cultural impact those ideas have on their societies. I found that my assumption was correct in some instances, but not in all.

            First I want to focus on the idea of a default gender pronoun. In Latin each verb contains its own pronoun within its suffix. For example, the suffix “-t” when used with Latin verbs denotes third person active singular. But, it does not specify whether this is masculine, feminine, or neuter. Many times when reading a Latin passage the exact gender of the object is not made clear, and must be assumed. In the sentence fragment “Me non amat” (Catullus, p.15) the direct translation is “He, she or it does not love me.” The three possible genders are indicated by the “-t” at the end of the verb amo. (Wheelock, p. 2) But, if this is all you have to go on for a translation, which pronoun do you choose? It is not made clear in the sentence if “he, she or it” does not love this person. So which gender do you pick? In this instance we do not have to guess because the gender from the poem’s historical context. The author, Catullus, is writing a farewell letter to his lover, Lesbia. So, he is obviously referring the the female gender when he writes “Me non amat”, “She does not love me.” Because Latin verbs can share genders, (Wheelock, p.2) the need for a default gender pronoun does not really arise. It would make no difference if someone was just talking about people in general and used the verb “laudo”, to praise. (Wheelock, p.4) All they need to say is “laudat” to refer to a man, woman, or neuter object praising something. One word contains all three possibilities, and it is up to the reader to surmise which gender is being used if it is not made apparent in the context.

            In English, however, we do not have the luxury of using universal gender pronouns. When we speak about “someone praising someone else” we are forced to pick a gender. “He” praised someone. In most conversational English the pronoun “he” is substituted when gender is either unknown or unspecified. And, in some cases people try to remove any gender from the sentence by using the third person plural form (they, or them), instead of the singular form when talking about a single person. But, this usage is grammatically incorrect. For example: “They were really nice.”  is incorrect if you are talking about one person who treated you favorably. This is the pronoun game. I think that the reason English seems plagued by the problem of specific gender pronouns more so than in Latin is because we are more familiar with the vernacular. Since Latin is a dead language we only know the written words, not the spoken. When people write things down they tend to make their thoughts clearer than in everyday speech. Their words are planned, and so genders are normally not ambiguous unless they are meant to be by the author. For all we know Latin had the same difficulties indicating gender with their universal pronouns as we do with our specific ones in everyday speech. But, since there is no one around who has been speaking Latin since it died out to pose these questions too, I will just have to hypothesize that this was not a problem that faced Latin speakers. I believe that English needs a universal pronoun to describe both genders, and that we seem to be evolving closer and closer to creating one by broadening the use of our default pronoun “he.”

            One of the major differences between Latin and English grammar are their case systems. Latin has specifically masculine, feminine, and neuter words that English entirely lacks. Some Latin words can hold either gender. One such example is the word for lion, “leo” for male lions, and “leaena” for lionesses. (Oxford, p.78) This makes it a pinch to describe an animal and include its gender in one simple word. But, what happens when an animal is given only one word and gender to describe it, such as fox or “vulpes.” (Oxford, p.152) In this case the word for fox has only one gender, feminine. How do you describe male foxes? Or in the case of the beaver, “castor” which has only a masculine case, how do you describe females of that species? (Oxford, p.22) In the story of Reinardus and Chantecler (Aesop - Odo #25) the exact gender of Reinardus, the fox, is somewhat ambiguous. All of the describing adjectives must agree in gender with the noun, and not the animal’s particular gender. If Reinardus’ actual name was not masculine in form, the gender of this anecdotal character might have remained a mystery. Beavers, however, have an obvious association with males. It was believed that their testicles held a healing power, and were therefore prized by hunters. (Physiologus) While there may be cultural significance concerning why foxes are considered female, I am not aware of it.

            A particular grammar rule stuck out like a sore thumb when I first starting learning the Latin language. The rule states that if a single man is in a crowd of women, the speaker must address the crowd in the masculine plural form, not feminine. I always found this peculiar, and attributed it to the patriarchal society that Latin speakers lived in. But now I find myself reevaluating that hypothesis. We too have a masculine plural formula to address groups by. The word “guy” or “guys” is commonly used to indicate any variety of a group from all male to all female. However, in English it is not a rule to use masculine plural words when addressing a mixed crowd, it is simply the vernacular.

            English is unlike other romance languages such as Latin and French because it has no specific gender cases for adjectives, or gender specific nouns. Yes, some words are inheritantly one or the other because of their definitions, but there is no grammar rule governing them. The word woman carries with it a kind of feminine add-on case, and the word man carry a masculine add-on case. Neither of these words is governed by English grammar rules to be specifically masculine or feminine, but they simply are. The interesting thing is to look at words that have no immediate connection to the gender they have come to represent. Take, for instance, the word “doctor.” This word is associated with men, probably because men have taken that particular role in society for centuries. Over time this word has become associated with the male gender.

            On the opposite end of the spectrum is the word “secretary.” It is overwhelmingly associated with women. In fact, the idea of a male secretary is a bit outrageous. A great example of this is the TV comedy “Just Shoot Me.” It is my belief that in order to set up the comedic meter of the show they gave the lead actor, David Spade “Finch”, the part of a male secretary for a woman’s magazine. This takes it that step or two out of reality. It is set it far enough away from what people feel is normal so that they can appreciate the fantasy aspect of the show. Just Finch’s situation is a cause for comedic relief, without a punch line needing to be uttered.

            Gender specific words can branch into what should and should not be said by each sex. Men, for instance, should not say the word “fabulous” or know more than a few color words. It is peculiar that men who break these two rules are labeled as “unmanly” and “girlish.” It is a bit shocking to think that in such “enlightened” times as these such gender-role stereotyping can occur, but it does. I do not think it reflects poorly on our society in the least bit, especially since most of the stereotypes run centuries deep. It is going to take us more than a few radical decades to derail gender stereotyping.

            In the nineties a movement was brought to life to try and remove gender specific words from the more formal parts of speech. In other words, people wanted to removed gender from their job titles. Now, the word “doctor” in no way implies a male worker, but the word “policeman” certainly does. Various job title were changed, including: letter carriers, police officers, TV anchor persons, flight attendants, and executive assistants. The first four encompassed job titles that specifically denoted a gender (mailman, policeman, TV anchorman, stewardess, and secretary), and so they were changed to a more general description. But, the last title was not changed for that reason. A “secretary” does not have any direct correlation to the female gender. However, this title had a history of gender stereotyping, and so it was changed to a less gender specific title along with the others.

            Another interesting point I’d like to make is about the use of gender biased vocabulary in the English language concerning cuss words. A majority of cuss words involve women in some derogatory fashion. A short list might include: mother fucker, bitch, son of a bitch, bastard, and whore. I have personally heard all of these words applied to both sexes, even though most seem only to apply to one. Why has our culture evolved in such a way as to use words we do not want our younger children to hear to describe sexually active women? It probably relates to the prohibition men put on a woman’s sexual enjoyment during most of American and English history. I think it reflects a society that still is not as evolved as it likes to look on the outside with all of our movements towards removing gender biased in other areas. But, trying to overcome cuss words will prove much more challenging than renaming a handful of careers. People who use this vocabulary are not regulated by any laws to change what they are doing because it violates the equal rights of women to have popular cuss words against men. It is a change that will have to come from the inside out this time. Those who use the language with abandon will have to choose to change, or simply decide that some new slang is much more fitting than the old stuff.

            It is so easy to study Latin because it is a static language. There is no change over time, no evolution. Everything is grammatically as it was 2000 years ago. It is a snap shot of a culture that is also extinct. English, however, is alive and thriving. Our words have made it into countless other vocabularies in different languages around the world. It is a given for a business associate in Hong Kong or Tokyo to speak their native language as well as English. But, as English is evolving is it becoming closer to, or farther away from its parent language, Latin, when dealing with gender and grammar rules? I believe English is evolving and finding its own way to deal with a lack of gender rules. So, in that way it is becoming more like Latin. In the long run I think English and Latin will stay very separate entities when it comes to most grammar rules and vocabulary. But, English’s core grammar rules may be making a shift East as we invent and reinvent new ways to cope with our distinct lack of universal pronouns, and our need to remove gender words we deem derogatory from everyday speech.
Bibliography

Aesop - Gibbs, Laura;  Aesop's Fables and Other Parables; Oxford World’s Classics; 2002

Catullus - Garrison, Daniel H; The Student’s Catullus (2nd edition); University of Oklahoma Press; 1995

Oxford - Morwood, James; The Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary (2nd edition); Oxford University Press; 2000

Physiologus - Physiologus; Aberdeen Bestiary; http://liaisons.ou.edu/~lgibbs/medieval/05/readings/reading1.htm

Wheelock - Wheelock, Frederic M; Wheelock’s Latin (6th edition); Harper Collins Publishers; 2000

Christian feast days:

December 11, 1965 – Baton Rouge 3-Inch snow?
natural 3-inch-snow-disasterless majority referring  Maria riot broke Malay Dutch WC:DOY (@UTAHNA)? 10 11  10-11 frequency

 Identify frequency

This Day until the end of the year, 81 days remain  Updated wikipedia Talk:11

October 11 is the 284th day of the year (285th in leap years)  in the Gregorian calendar

 

10-11

 

 

10-11

 

 

10 11

 

10 11 1968 

Apollo 7, the first manned Apollo mission, was launched with astronauts Wally Schirra, Donn Fulton Eisele and R. Walter Cunningham aboard.

On Oct. 11, 1884, Eleanor Roosevelt, the American first lady, social reformer, diplomat and author, was born. Following her death on Nov. 7, 1962, her obituary appeared in The Times.

On Oct. 11, 1962, Pope John XXIII convened the first session of the Roman Catholic Church's 21st Ecumenical Council, better known as Vatican II.

10-11

On This Date

1811 The first steam-powered ferryboat was put into operation between New York City and Hoboken, N.J.
1884 First lady Eleanor Roosevelt was born in New York City.

1958 The lunar probe Pioneer 1 was launched; it failed to go as far as planned, fell back to Earth and burned up in the atmosphere.

1968 Apollo 7 was launched with astronauts Wally Schirra, Donn Fulton Eisele and R. Walter Cunningham aboard.
1975 "Saturday Night Live" debuted on NBC.

1986 President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail S. Gorbachev opened two days of talks on arms control and human rights in Reykjavik, Iceland.

1991 Testifying before the Senate Judiciary Committee, law professor Anita Hill accused Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas of sexually harassing her; Thomas reappeared before the panel to denounce the proceedings as a "high-tech lynching."

1998 Pope John Paul II canonized the first Jewish-born saint of the modern era: Edith Stein, a Catholic nun killed at Auschwitz.

2001 Trinidad-born writer V.S. Naipaul won the Nobel Prize in literature.
2002 The Senate joined the House in approving the use of America's military might against Iraq.
2002 Former President Jimmy Carter won the Nobel Peace Prize for his 1970s Middle East diplomacy.

10-11

Historic Birthdays

Eleanor Roosevelt 10/11/1884 - 11/7/1962 American First Lady (1933-44), diplomat and social reformer.Go to obituary »

64 James Barry 10/11/1741 - 2/22/1806
Irish painter
62 John Thadeus Delane 10/11/1817 - 11/22/1879
British editor
73 Harlan Fisk Stone 10/11/1872 - 4/22/1946
American jurist; associate justice (1925-41) and chief justice (1941-6) of U.S. Supreme Court
84 Francois Mauriac 10/11/1885 - 9/1/1970
French writer
68 Charles Revson 10/11/1906 - 8/24/1975
American business entrepeneur; founded Revlon cosmetics line
78 Joseph W. Alsop Jr. 10/11/1910 - 8/28/1989
American journalist
79 Jerome Robbins 10/11/1918 - 7/29/1998
American choreographer

10-11

A Adam        N Nora
B Boy           O Ocean
C Charles      P Paul
D David        Q Queen
E Edward      R Robert
F Frank         S Sam
G George      T Tom
H Henry        U Union
I Ida               V Victor
J John            W William
K King           X X-ray
L Lincoln      Y Yellow
M Mary         Z Zebra

10-11

Arts and culture

Abiy Ahmed, the Prime Minister of Ethiopia wins the 2019 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to create peace between Ethiopia and the neighbouring Eritrea. (Reuters)

10-11

<< October >>

Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa

1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30 31

This date is slightly more likely to fall on a Tuesday, Sunday, or Thursday (58 times in 400 years) than a Friday or Saturday (57), and slightly less likely to fall on a Monday or Wednesday (56).

10-11

Events Holidays and observances

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:December_11

Agilbert
Alexander Sauli
Andronicus, Probus, and Tarachus (Roman Catholic Church)
Æthelburh of Barking
Bruno the Great
Cainnech of Aghaboe
Gratus of Oloron
Gummarus
James the Deacon (Church of England, Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church)
Lommán of Trim
Maria Soledad Torres y Acosta
Nectarius of Constantinople
Nicasius, Quirinus, Scubiculus, and Pientia
Philip the Evangelist
Pope John XXIII (Roman Catholic Church)
Zenaida and Philonella
October 11 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
General Pulaski Memorial Day (United States)
International Day of the Girl Child
National Coming Out Day
International Newspaper Carrier Day
Old Michaelmas Day (Celtic)
Revolution Day (Republic of Macedonia)

1950 – CBS's field-sequential color system for television is the first to be licensed for broadcast by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission.

1954 – In accord with the 1954 Geneva Conference, French troops complete their withdrawal from North Vietnam.

1958 – NASA launches Pioneer 1, its first space probe, although it fails to achieve a stable orbit.

1962 – The Second Vatican Council becomes the first ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church in 92 years.

1968 – NASA launches Apollo 7, the first successful manned Apollo mission.

1972 – A race riot occurs on the United States Navy aircraft carrier Kitty Hawk off the coast of Vietnam.

1976 – George Washington is posthumously promoted to the grade of General of the Armies.

1984 – Aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger, astronaut Kathryn D. Sullivan becomes the first American woman to perform a space walk.

1984 – Aeroflot Flight 3352 crashes into maintenance vehicles upon landing in Omsk, Russia, killing 178.

1986 – Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev meet in Iceland to continue discussions about scaling back IRBM arsenals in Europe.

1987 – The AIDS Memorial Quilt is first displayed during the Second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights.

1987 – Start of Operation Pawan by Indian forces in Sri Lanka. Thousands of civilians, insurgents, soldiers die.

1991 – Prof. Anita Hill delivers her televised testimony concerning sexual harassment during the Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination[2]

2000 – NASA launches STS-92, the 100th Space Shuttle mission.

2001 – The Polaroid Corporation files for federal bankruptcy protection.

2002 – A bomb attack in a shopping mall in Finland kills seven.

2013 – A migrant boat sinks in the Channel of Sicily with at least 34 people dead.

2018 – Soyuz MS-10, launching an intended crew for the ISS, suffers an in-flight abort. The crew lands safely.

Deaths

2000 – Luc-Marie Bayle, French historian, photographer, and painter (b. 1914)

2000 – Donald Dewar, Scottish lawyer and politician, 1st First Minister of Scotland (b. 1937)

2001 – Beni Montresor, Italian director, set designer, and illustrator (b. 1926)

2004 – Keith Miller, Australian cricketer and pilot (b. 1919)

2005 – Shan-ul-Haq Haqqee, Pakistani-Canadian linguist, journalist, and poet (b. 1917)

2005 – Attilâ İlhan, Turkish poet, author, and journalist (b. 1925)
2005 – Edward Szczepanik, Polish economist and politician, Prime Minister of Poland (b. 1915)
2006 – Cory Lidle, American baseball player (b. 1972)
2007 – David Lee "Tex" Hill, South Korean-American general and pilot (b. 1915)
2007 – Werner von Trapp, Austrian-American singer (b. 1915)
2008 – Marjorie Fletcher, English Director of the Women's Royal Naval Service (b. 1932)

10-25 Do you have contact with _______?

10-11 Identify this frequency.

2008 – Jörg Haider, Austrian lawyer and politician, Governor of Carinthia (b. 1950)
2008 – Ernst-Paul Hasselbach, Surinamese-Dutch television host and producer (b. 1966)
2008 – Neal Hefti, American trumpet player and composer (b. 1922)
2009 – Angelo DiGeorge, American physician and endocrinologist (b. 1922)
2009 – Halit Refiğ, Turkish director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1934)
2012 – Helmut Haller, German footballer and coach (b. 1939)
2012 – Edward Kossoy, Polish lawyer, publicist, and activist (b. 1913)
2012 – Édgar Negret, Colombian sculptor (b. 1920)
2012 – Champ Summers, American baseball player and coach (b. 1946)
2013 – María de Villota, Spanish race car driver (b. 1980)
2013 – Johnny Kovatch, American football player and coach (b. 1912)
2013 – Erich Priebke, German captain (b. 1913)
2013 – William H. Sullivan, American diplomat, United States Ambassador to the Philippines (b. 1922)
2014 – Anita Cerquetti, Italian soprano (b. 1931)
2014 – Carmelo Simeone, Argentinian footballer (b. 1933)
2014 – Bob Such, Australian educator and politician (b. 1944)

 10-7A Out of service at home.

10-7B Out of service - personal.
10-7od Out of service - off duty
10-8 In service/available for assignment.
10-9 Repeat last transmission.
10-10 Off duty.
10-10A Off duty at home. 10-12 Visitors are present (be discrete).

10-13 Advise weather and road conditions.

10-14 Citizen holding suspect.
10-15 Prisoner in custody.
10-16 Pick up prisoner.
10-17 Request for gasoline.
10-18 Equipment exchange.
10-19 Return/returning to the station.
10-20 Location?
10-21 Telephone:______
10-21a Advise home that I will return at ______.
10-21b Phone your home
10-21r Phone radio dispatch
10-22 Disregard the last assignment.
10-22c Leave area if all secure.
10-23 Standby.
10-24 Request car-to-car transmission.
10-26 Clear.
10-27 Driver's license check.
10-28 Vehicle registration request.
10-29 Check wants/warrants.[vehicle] (PIN,SVS)
10-29a Check wants/warrants [subject] (PIN)
10-29c Check complete [subject]
10-29f The subject is wanted for a felony.
10-29h Caution - severe hazard potential.
10-29r Check wants/record [subject PIN,CJIC)
10-29m The subject is wanted for a misdemeanor.
10-29v The vehicle wanted in connection W/crime.
10-30 Does not conform to regulations.
10-32 Drowning.
10-33 Alarm sounding.
10-34 Assist at office.
10-35 Time check.
10-36 Confidential information.
10-37 Identify the operator.
10-39 Can ______ come to the radio?
10-40 Is ______ available for a telephone call?
10-42 Check on the welfare of/at ______.
10-43 Call a doctor.
10-45 What is the condition of the patient?
10-45A Condition of patient is good.
10-45B Condition of patient is serious.
10-45C Condition of patient is critical.
10-45D Patient is deceased.
10-46 Sick person [ambulance enroute]
10-48 Ambulance transfer call
10-49 Proceed to/Enroute to ______.
10-50 under influence of narcotics/Take a report.
10-51 Subject is drunk.
10-52 Resuscitator is needed.
10-53 Person down.
10-54 Possible dead body.
10-55 Coroner's case.
10-56 Suicide.
10-56A Suicide attempt.
10-57 Firearm discharged.
10-58 Garbage complaint
10-59 Security check./Malicious mischief
10-60 Lock out.
10-61 Miscellaneous public service.
10-62 Meet a citizen.
10-62A Take a report from a citizen.
10-62B Civil standby.
10-63 Prepare to copy.
10-64 Found property.
10-65 Missing person
10-66 Suspicious person.
10-67 Person calling for help.
10-68 Call for police made via telephone.
10-70 Prowler.
10-71 Shooting.
10-72 Knifing.
10-73 How do you receive?
10-79 Bomb threat.
10-80 Explosion.
10-86 Any traffic?
10-87 Meet the officer at ______.
10-88 Fill with the officer/Assume your post.
10-91 Animal.
10-91a Stray.
10-91b Noisy animal.
10-91c Injured animal.
10-91d Dead animal.
10-91e Animal bite.
10-91g Animal pickup.
10-91h Stray horse
10-91j Pickup/collect ______.
10-91L Leash law violation.
10-91V Vicious animal.
10-95 pedestrian/ Requesting an I.D./Techunit.
10-96 Out of vehicle-ped. send backup
10-97 Arrived at the scene.
10-98 Available for assignment.
10-99 Open police garage door.
10-100 Civil disturbance - Mutual aid standby.
10-101 Civil disturbance - Mutual aid request.

2015 – Dean Chance, American baseball player and manager (b. 1941)
2015 – Jack Drake, American lawyer and politician (b. 1934)
2017 – Clifford Husbands, Barbadian politician (b. 1926)